An analysis cost of cultivation of banana (Musa. spp) in Kabirdham district of Chhattisgarh

Introduction

Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.), originating from Southeast Asia, is among the most significant fruit crops worldwide, placing seventh in the ranking of internationally traded agricultural goods. Its cost-effectiveness, nutritional benefits, and year-round accessibility establish it as a global dietary essential. Bananas are eaten as both ripe fruits and cooking plantains. Although it has the ability to be processed, more than 90 percent of bananas are eaten fresh. In terms of nutrition, ripe bananas are high in carbohydrates (up to 22 percent), fiber, potassium, manganese, and vitamins B6 and C. In India, they are commonly eaten by all income levels and are frequently referred to as the "poor man's apple." They are the leaders in fruit production and hold the third position in cultivation area, representing roughly 14 percent of the land used for growing fruit and accounting for approximately 32 percent of overall fruit production. In 2017-18, 884, 000 hectares produced 30.81 million metric tonnes, and Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra ranked as the leading producers. For the year 2023-24, India's overall horticulture output is projected to be around 352.23 million tonnes, representing a 1.15 percent rise from the prior year. As per the National Horticulture Database published by the National Horticulture Board, the nation generated approximately 112.62 million metric tonnes of fruits, which included 14.2 million tonnes of bananas, and 204.96 million metric tonnes of vegetables during this timeframe. Chhattisgarh's overall fruit output reaches 2429.838 metric tonnes, while the area dedicated to fruit farming spans 219.351 hectares. Banana cultivation in Chhattisgarh covers 23.963 hectares. And Production 577, 529 metric tons. Fruits are cultivated in nearly every district of the state

Research Methodology Selection of study area

The current research was conducted in Kabirdham district of Chhattisgarh, covering four blocks: Kawardha, Bodla, Sahaspur Lohara, and Pandariya. Farmers who grow bananas on an industrial scale were identified as banana cultivators. From a total of 200 banana growers in chosen villages, a sample of 54 percent of respondents, or 108 farmers, was selected utilizing probability proportional to size techniques, with the stipulation that a minimum of 10 percent of respondents must be represented from each farm category. The research classified farmers into categories: small (1-2 ha), medium (2-4 ha), and large (above 4 ha)

Cost concept

The cost and return were estimated with the help of cost concept given by Commission on Agricultural Costs and Price (CACP). The detailed cost concept used in present study is as below. Cost A1: All actual expenses in cash and kind incurred in production.

Results and Discussion

From Table 1, it can be noted that the typical cultivation cost for the sampled farmers was Rs. Rs. 196124.20 for small-scale farmers. 206821.44 for medium-sized farmers, and Rs. 218507.72 for major agricultural producers. Large farmers faced the highest cultivation costs in comparison to small and medium-sized farmers. The total average expense of farming in all sectors was Rs. 203176.64. The table clearly shows that the most significant portion of the overall cultivation cost came from planting material, totaling Rs.

Different cost on the basis of cost concept at sample farms in the study area

Table 2 shows the varying costs based on the cost concept at example farms in the study region. The total quantity of different cultivation cost elements. The above table clearly shows that the highest cost is at C3, which amounted to Rs. 223494.31 succeeded by expenses C2, B2, C1, B1, and A1, A2 with the sum of Rs. 203176.64, 194531.27, 159176.64, 150531.27 et 149557.80 respectivement. Cost A2 was identical to cost A1 since no rent was paid for the leased land. The overall maximum and minimum costs were greater for large farms, followed by medium-sized and small farms. The highest cost is noted at cost C3, which encompasses cost C2 plus 10 percent of cost C2 for the managerial tasks carried out by the farmer, while the lowest cost is found at cost A1, covering all actual expenses. It illustrates the rising patterns with the growth in farm size.

Output and return in the cultivation of Banana Crop

Table 2 displays the yield and return of bananas. The highest yield per hectare was recorded in large farms at 810.00 q, followed by medium farms at 785.00 q and small farms at 770.00 q, with an overall average yield of 780.92 q observed. The typical price of bananas stood at 840 Rs. for all types of banana growers. The highest cultivation cost was seen in large farms, which amounted to Rs. 218507.72 succeeded by medium and small agriculture as Rs. 206821.44 and Rs. 196124.20 per hectare correspondingly. Consequently, the production cost per quintal was lowest for small farms, which amounted to Rs. 254.70 succeeded by medium farms at Rs263.46 and large farms at Rs. 269.76. This occurred due to the large size of farms allowing greater expenditure on input applications and the use of external labor instead of family labor, which ultimately raised production costs. Gross income may appear elevated in the case of large farms, which is Rs. 680400 succeeded by medium and small farms with the Rs. of 659400 and Rs. 646800 correspondingly. The highest net return noted is Rs 450675.80 for small farms, with medium farms following at Rs. 452578.56 and the lowest for large farms with the Rs. 461892.28, which occurred due to a higher cost C in large farms and lower in small farms. The Input-output Ratio was highest for small farms at 2.29, next for medium farms at 2.18, and lowest for large farms at 2.11. The rise in return from input is highest for small farms because of the productivity boost resulting from lower costs. Additionally, on small farms, family labor is more engaged and farm tasks are performed more efficiently, while on medium and large farms, the role of family labor diminishes as the farm size increases The typical expense of banana farming per hectare was Rs. Rs.196124.20 for small farms, Rs.206821.44 for medium farms, and Rs.218507.72 for large farms, indicating a rise in expenses with the size of the farm. The typical yield was 770 q/ha for small farms, 785 q/ha for medium-sized farms, and 810 q/ha for large farms, showing that larger farm sizes produce greater yields. The overall income showed a comparable pattern: Rs.646800, Rs.659400, and Rs.680400 for small, medium, and large farms, respectively. Net income was Rs.450675.80 for small farms, Rs.452578.56 for medium farms, and Rs.461892.28 for large farms, indicating a downward trend in profitability as farm size increases. The input-output ratios were 2.29 for small, 2.18 for medium, and 2.11 for large, emphasizing the trend of decreasing returns with increased scale

References

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