Developing a scale for educational problems facing swimming teachers and learners in Iraqi Universities

Abstract

Swimming is a vital sport that develops physical, psychological, and social skills, yet teaching it in Iraqi universities faces numerous challenges. This study aimed to construct and validate a scale to identify the problems confronting swimming instructors and learners in Iraqi universities. The researchers employed the descriptive-survey method, targeting female students and instructors from the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad and Al-Mustansiriya University. The construction sample included 328 participants, while the application sample consisted of 177 participants. A questionnaire was developed based on expert opinions and relevant literature, resulting in a two-dimensional scale addressing problems related to instructors and learners. Statistical analyses, including discriminative validity, internal consistency, and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.958), confirmed the scale’s psychometric strength. Results revealed that the overall level of problems was medium (67.86%), reflecting systemic challenges rather than individual deficiencies. Instructor-related issues included limited resources, overcrowding, and insufficient professional development, while learner-related problems centered on fear of water, low fitness levels, and socio-cultural constraints. The findings highlight the need for improved infrastructure, curriculum flexibility, professional training, and psycho-social support to enhance the effectiveness of swimming education in Iraqi universities.