Effect of nano urea and nano dap on the growth of jamun (Syzygium cuminii L.) graft cv. Konkan Bahadoli

Introduction

Jamun which botanically known as Syzygium cuminii (L.) belongs to family Myrtaceae) which also known as Eugenia cumini and Syzygium jambolanum. It is frequently called Jamun, Duhat, Jam, and Jaman in Hindi, Brahaspati in Sanskrit, in marathi jambhul and Nerale in Kannada and jambul, Malabar plum, Plum, Jambolan. In different parts of the nation, the local names include Indian jamblang, blackberry, black plum, and javana plum and which originates from the Andaman Islands, India, Burma, and Ceylon (Zeven and de Wet, 1982) [18] . Chromosomal number of Syzygium cuminii is 2n = 40, while recently reported that the somatic chromosome number of Syzygium cuminii is 2n = 66 (Jena et al., 2003) [6] . It is located in tropical and subtropical regions of India such as Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and the South components (Singh et al., 2011) [15] . The genus Syzygium comprises nearly 75 native species, among which only a few species have commercial value. S. densiflora, which withstands termite infestations and can thus can serve as rootstock for S. cuminii, with other species like S. fruiticosum and S. uniflora, generate tiny, consumable fruits (Singh and Srivastava, 1999) [14] . Jamun trees can be located occasionally in tropical and subtropical regions of India, as well in remote regions of the lower Himalayan mountains, reaching elevations of up to 1600 meters above sea level (Mishra et al., 2014) [10] . It is capable of endure the salinity, sodic soil, and waterlogged conditions, yet thrived more effectively in low salinity and conditions of shallow water (Habbar et al., 2002) [5] . Jamun offers numerous health benefits, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiinflammatory effects. Its parts, including fruits, leaves, seeds, and bark, are traditionally used in ayurvedic practices. Jamun's mild, spicy flavor is popular as a sweet treat and can be used in various beverages and pickles (Namasivayam et al., 2008) [11] .

Cost-effective compared to traditional urea and decreases farmers' expenses, resulting in higher yields, farmer's earnings (Baboo, 2021) [2] The Nano DAP product contains 8.0 per cent nitrogen (N) and 16.0 per cent phosphorus (P 2 O 5 ) by weight. Creation of this formulation results in a superior supply of easily absorbable nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P 2 O 5 ) is necessary for all types of plants. Nano DAP (Liquid) possesses a higher ratio of surface area to volume due to its smaller size. Particle size is less than 100 nano meters (nm) due to this unique characteristic, it is simple entrance to the outer layer of the seed along with stomata and other plant apertures.

Materials and Methods

The current investigation was conducted in 2024-25 at Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Dapoli, District Ratnagiri with twelve treatments and three replications were used in the Randomised Block Design (RBD) experiment the treatment details are given below: T 1: Control, T 2: Soil application 2g/plant), T 3: Foliar spray Nano Urea @500 ppm, T 4: Foliar spray Nano Urea @1000 ppm, T 5: Foliar spray Nano Urea @ 1500 ppm, T 6: Foliar spray Nano DAP @ 500 ppm, T 7: Foliar spray Nano DAP @ 1000 ppm, T 8: Foliar spray Nano DAP @ 1500 ppm, T 9: Drenching Nano Urea @ 1500 ppm, T 10: Drenching Nano Urea @ 2000 ppm, T 11: Drenching Nano DAP @ 1500 ppm, T 12: Drenching Nano DAP @ 2000 ppm. Application of the different concentration treatments at 30, 60, and 90-day intervals and observation recorded monthly up to 270 days from application. From this investigation, 10 grafts in total were selected for morphological character observation from each treatment. The following observations were recorded at the end of the experiment: survival%, graft height (cm), graft girth (mm), number of leaves per graft, leaf area (cm 2 ), fresh root weight (g), dry shoot weight (g), and tap root length (cm)

Results and Discussion

At the end of the investigation, at 270 days after application of treatment, it showed that all the growth parameters, including survival, were significantly influenced by different concentrations of treatment.

Survival Percentage

Table 1: Effect of foliar spray and drenching of Nano Urea and Nano DAP on survival (%) of jamun graft cv. Konkan Bahadoli at 270 days.

Treatment details

Survival (%) T1-Control 85.00 (67.21) T2-Soil application (Urea 2g/plant) 89.17 (70.79) T3-Foliar spray Nano Urea @500 ppm 94.17 (76.03) T4-Foliar spray Nano Urea @1000 ppm 94.17 (76.03) T5-Foliar spray Nano Urea @ 1500 ppm 94.17 (76.03) T6 -Foliar spray Nano DAP @ 500 ppm 94.17 (76.03) T7-Foliar spray Nano DAP @ 1000 ppm 95.17 (77.30) T8-Foliar spray Nano DAP @ 1500 ppm 95.00 (77.08) T9-Drenching Nano Urea @ 1500 ppm 95.83 (78. The data regarding, effect of Nano Urea and Nano DAP on the growth of jamun on survival percentage which given in Table 1.

The result showed that the survival rate of jamun graft was maximum in treatment T 11 (97.52%) i.e drenching of the Nano DAP at 1500 ppm which at par with T 3 (94.17%), T 4 (94.17%), T 5 (94.17%), T 6 (94.17%), T 7 (95.17%), T 8 (95%), T 9 (95.83%), T 10 (95.00%) and T 12 (95.00%). However, minimum survival percentage was found in T 1 (85%). Treatment T 11 , i.e., drenching of Nano DAP at 1500 ppm, was superior than other treatments. It might due to Nano DAP improves root formation, nutrient availability, and transplant shock reduction, all of which have an effect on graft survival rates. It may absorb nutrients more effectively because to its smaller particle size, which enhances the absorption of phosphorus and nitrogen. During the postgrafting phase, the grafted plant and rootstock develop a strong bond because to this increased nutrient availability.

The data regarding the effect of different treatment of Nano Urea and Nano DAP on graft height (cm) are represented in [4] in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Ruban et al. (2023) [13] in Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) and Balachandrakumar et al. (2024) [3] in cowpea crop.

The data regarding the effect of Nano Urea and Nano DAP on graft girth (mm) are represented in (2023) [16] in Kharif Maize and Kaundal et al. (2024) [7] in maize crop.

Number of leaves

The data regarding the effect of Nano Urea and Nano DAP on number of leaves are represented in [9] in chilli (Capsicum annuum. L) and Sudha et al. (2023) [16] in maize crop.

The data related to the effect of Nano Urea and Nano DAP on leaf area (cm 2 ) are represented in Table 2. The maximum leaf area was found in treatment T 11 (59.18 cm 2 ) which was at par with T 9 (54.01 cm 2 ) and T 12 (52.87 cm 2 ). However, minimum leaf area was found in T 1 (33.80 cm 2 ). Treatment T 11 i.e drenching of Nano DAP at 1500 ppm was showed best result among all other treatment. It might due to the phosphorus enhances leaf area, affects plant development, and enhances chlorophyll production. Nano DAP efficient absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus boosts cell proliferation and leaf growth. Similar research finding documented by, Augustus et al.

(2023) [1] in Banana Cv. Cavendish, Balchandrakumar et al.

(2024) in cowpea and Kaundal et al. (2024) [7] in maize crop.

The data regarding the effect of Nano Urea and Nano DAP on root length (cm) are represented in Table 2. The maximum root length (26.58 cm) was found in treatment T 6 i.e foliar spray of Nano DAP at 500 ppm and minimum root length (12.12 cm) was observed in treatment T₁. Treatment T 6 i.e foliar spray of Nano DAP at 500 ppm, showed best results among the all other treatments for the root length (cm). It might due to Nano-sized DAP particles enhance nutrient absorption, root growth, and early vigor by providing consistent, long-lasting phosphorus supply to the root zone, promoting root elongation and plant development. Similar finding was reported by, Parmar et al.

(2024) [12] in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Todkar et al.

(2024) [17] in jambheri seedling.

The data regarding the effect of Nano Urea and Nano DAP on dry root weight (g) are represented in Table 2. The maximum dry root weight was recorded in treatment T 11 (16.17 [1] in Banana Cv. Cavendish, Saleem et al. (2021) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L) and Sudha et al. (2023) [16] in Kharif Maize (Zea mays L.) crops.

The data regarding the effect of Nano Urea and Nano DAP on dry shoot weight (g) are represented in Table 2. Thus, from the present investigation, it showed that treatment T 11 (drenching of Nano DAP 1500 ppm) was recorded best with respect to dry shoot weight jamun grafts. It might due to Nano DAP particle size may enhance plant root absorption, improving nitrogen utilization, increasing dry matter accumulation, and promoting robust growth compared to traditional fertilizers. Similar finding were documented by Augustus et al., (2023) [1] in Banana Cv. Cavendish.

Conclusion

In this experiment overall findings made it clear that, drenching of nano DAP superior than over than other treatment. Out of all the treatments, treatment T 11 (drenching of nano DAP 1500 ppm) proved to be the most successful. The overall findings of the experiment suggested that drenching with Nano DAP was preferable to using other treatments. The most effective of all treatments was T 11 , which involved drenching of Nano DAP at concentration of 1500 ppm. and which was shown to be better for the foliar application after a thorough investigation. However, the treatments that performed the best were the drenching of Nano Urea at 2000 ppm (T 10 ), the drenching of Nano DAP at 2000 ppm (T 12 ), and the drenching of Nano Urea at 1500 ppm (T 9 ) with respect to the morphological parameter. Hence, it suggested that drenching of Nano DAP at 1500 ppm is beneficial to impart better vigour to jamun grafts. However, this was only one season experiment and continuation of experiment over 2-3 more seasons with focused attention of Nano DAP drenching treatment is essential as a future line of work.

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