Influence of jeevamrut and waste decomposer under different methods of application and fertility levels on growth, yield and quality of tomato

The present investigation entitled “Influence of Jeevamrut and waste decomposer under different methods of application and fertility levels on growth yield and quality of tomato” was carried out during kharif season with total twelve treatments and three replications. Result revealed that, among various liquid organic substances, o1 (4% Jeevamrut) recorded significantly maximum plant height (73.84 and 122.60 cm) at 45 and 90 DAT, respectively, number of branches per plant (25.62), days to last picking (177.51), whereas minimum days to first flowering (40.37), days to first picking (86.90) and days taken from flowering to edible maturity (44.05). In case of yield and quality attributes, the significantly maximum average fruit weight (93.12 g), yield per plant (2.22 kg), yield per plot (18.45 kg) and yield per hectare (379.65 q), maximum fruit volume (95.31 cc), total soluble solids (4.70 0Brix), ascorbic acid (28.65 mg/100g), chlorophyll a (0.24 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.13 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (0.35 mg/g) were reported in plants treated with o1 (4% Jeevamrut). Amongst the methods of application, significantly maximum plant height (123.11 cm) at 90 DAT, early flowering (40.20 days), maximum average fruit weight (90.80 g), yield per plant (2.23 kg), yield per plot (19.03 kg), yield per hectare (391.46 q), total soluble solids (4.72 0Brix), ascorbic acid (28.95 mg/100g), chlorophyll a (0.24 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.13 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (0.36 mg/g) content were found with treatment m3 i.e. drenching at 30, 60 & 90 DAT + foliar spray at 15, 45 & 75 DAT. Supplementation of 100% RDF gave maximum plant height (72.23 and 121.99 cm) at 45 and 90 DAT, respectively, number of branches per plant (25.28), days to last picking (173.60), early flowering (40.60 days), early picking (89.13 days), days taken from flowering to edible maturity (45.51), maximum average fruit weight (90.14 g), yield per plant (2.18 kg), yield per plot (18.47 kg), yield per hectare (380.60 q), fruit volume (91.22 cc), total soluble solids (4.68 0Brix), ascorbic acid (28.61 mg/100g), chlorophyll a (0.23 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.13 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (0.36 mg/g) content.

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Introduction

India has diverse climate which ensures the availability of all kinds of fresh vegetables. It ranks second in vegetable production in the world after China. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is versatile vegetable crop grown globally and ranks second in importance after potato. From nutritional point of view tomato is popularly known as "The Poor man's Apple" [25] . In India, tomato has become popular within the last six decades and plays vital role in Indian economy. It is cultivated on 8.14 lakh ha with the total production of 205.14 lakh tonne having productivity of 25.20 tonne per hectare [3] . Large quantities of tomato are used to produce sauce chutney, juice, ketchup, puree, paste and powder besides fresh consumption. Tomato tops in the canned vegetables. The fruit is rich in lycopene, which may have beneficial health effects. The red pigment in tomato i.e. lycopene is now being considered as the "world's most powerful natural antioxidant" [16] . Tomato is nutrient loving crop; out of various management practices the application of fertilizers plays major role for harnessing the optimum yields per unit area. Conventional agriculture has made an adverse impact on soil and plant health. Liberal rash use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides are responsible for deterioration of soil health. This eventually leads to high demand for integrated crop management approach to protect soil and plant health. Cow is playing a vital role in Indian agriculture from centuries and has served as sources of nutrition for farming communities. The various liquid organic amendments viz., Jeevamrut, Panchgavya and Beejamruta etc. made by cow products. These are the cheaper and ecofriendly sources of nutrients. In these liquid manures, beneficial organisms survive and are helpful in phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation etc. [12,27] have reported the presence of many beneficial micro-organisms viz., nitrogen fixers, phosphorus solubilizers, actinomycetes and fungi in Panchagavya and Jeevamrut. National Centre of Organic Farming (NCOF), Ghaziabad has developed a waste decomposer culture which is used for quick composting from organic waste, soil health improvement and as plant protection agent. It is a consortium of microorganism extracted from desi cow dung. Farmers can do farming with the use of waste decompose without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides [7] . Very scanty of research work has been reported on these liquid organic substances, so that present investigation was planned and executed entitled "Influence of Jeevamrut and waste decomposer under different methods of application and fertility levels on growth yield and quality of tomato".

Materials and Methods

The present investigation was carried out during kharif season of 2019-20 at College Farm, College of Horticulture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Jagudan, Dist. Mehsana, Gujarat. The details of material used and methods adopted during the present investigation in the field as well as in laboratory are briefly described in this chapter. The experiment was carried out with total twelve treatments comprising of three factors viz., liquid organic substances with two levels viz., o 1 (4% Jeevamrut) and o 2 (40% Waste decomposer); methods of application with three levels viz., m 1 (Drenching at 30, 60 & 90 DAT), m 2 (Foliar spray at 15, 45 & 75 DAT) and m 3 (Drenching at 30, 60 & 90 DAT + Foliar spray at 15, 45 & 75 DAT) and two fertility levels viz., f 1 (100% RDF) and f 2 (80% RDF). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The soil of experimental field was having an even topography with a gentle slope and good drainage. The soil of experimental site is sandy loam in texture with slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The pH of the soil is almost neutral and normal in salt content. Tomato cv. "Gujarat Anand Tomato 5" was used for the present study. This is promising one and was released from Main Vegetable Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand in 2017. The seedlings were transplanted at 90 cm × 60 cm in 4.5 m × 3.0 m plots. Recommended dose of fertilizer adopted in tomato was NPK 125:50:50 kg/ha. Well decomposed FYM @ 20 t/ha was applied at the time of field preparation and recommended dose of fertilizer was applied as per treatment. The half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorous and potassium was applied as a basal dose. Remaining half dose of nitrogen was applied as top dressing in two splits i.e. 40 and 70 days after transplanting. Irrigation applied through drip irrigation method having 4 lph dripper.

Preparation of liquid organic substances

In the present investigation, the following organic amendments were prepared freshly as per the procedure of NCOF, Ghaziabad and applied as per the treatments. 1. Jeevamrut: cow dung 10 kg, cow urine 10 liter, jaggary 2 kg, gram flour 2 kg and soil under live tree 1 kg were taken in plastic drum and volume was made up to 200 liters with the addition of water. The drum was kept in the shade and stirred twice in a day and covered it. After one week, Jeevamrut was ready and it was used application as per treatment. 2. Waste decomposer: For the preparation of waste decomposer, jaggary 2 kg was taken in plastic drum and volume was made up to 200 liters with the addition of water. Add 30 g of waste decomposer in a plastic drum containing jaggery solution. Avoided direct contact of contents with hands and mixed it properly with a wooden stick. Covered the drum and stirred it every day once or twice. After 5 days, the solution of the drum turned creamy and then it was used for application as per treatment.

The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design with factorial concept and replicated thrice. The observations were recorded periodically concerning growth, yield and quality parameters of tomato from five plants from each net plot by adopting standard methodology and treatments were analyzed statistically by adopting the standard procedures described by [23] .

Results and Discussion

The experimental results obtained from the present investigation are described as follows. The application of Jeevamrut may have attributed to the faster enhancement of vegetative growth and storing sufficient reserved food materials for differentiation of buds into flower buds and consequently fruit growth and development ultimately resulted in early harvest. This was might be due to more vegetative growth from transplanting to floral bud caused nutrient stress and it resulted to early flower. The flowering period extend for long time due to supply of nutrient through top dress of fertilizer and higher cytokinin and auxin in the tissue by spray of organics on plant. These findings are in agreement with [24] in tomato [1] in sweet pepper and in pea [10] .

Influence of Jeevamrut and waste decomposer along with various methods of application and fertility levels on growth and flowering of tomato Data presented in

The influence of methods of application on plant height at 45 DAT was found non-significant. Whereas, significantly maximum plant height of 123. The results showed that the application of organic manure with combination of chemical fertilizer was found more beneficial for increasing the height of tomato plants. The better efficiency of organic manures in combination with inorganic fertilizers might be due to the fact that the organic manures would have provided congenial of soil physical condition and the micronutrients in an optimum range to the plant. Application of organic manures helped to promote the metabolic activity through the supply of such important micronutrients in the early growth phase which in turn must have encouraged the overall growth. [15] reported the highest plant growth due to the combined application of organic manures and chemical fertilizers in tomato.

Significantly minimum days to first flowering (40.60) were noted under the treatment of f 1 (100% RDF). The maximum days to first flowering (43.62) was noted under the treatment f 2 (80% RDF).

The better nutrient availability and nutrient uptake increased the growth and yield of crop. The possible reason for earliness in flowering might be due to accelerated photosynthesis and rapid translocation of photosynthates towards the initiating flower buds resulting in early flowering. [24] reported similar result from combination of vermicompost, liquid manure and RDF in tomato. These findings are in agreement in sweet pepper [1] . The influence of different fertility levels on days taken from flowering to edible maturity was found significant. The minimum days taken from flowering to edible maturity (45.51) was noted under the treatment of f1 (100% RDF) and maximum (47.70) in treatment f2 (80% RDF). The influence of different fertility levels on days to first picking was found significant. The minimum days to first picking (89.13) was noted under the treatment of f 1 (100% RDF) and maximum (93.40) in treatment f 2 (80% RDF).

The enhanced effect of fertility level on days to last flowering registered significantly maximum day to last picking (173.65) was noted under the treatment of f1 (100% RDF) and minimum (166.08) in treatment f2 (80% RDF). These findings are in agreement with [5] in tomato [4] , in pepper [14] , in pepper [17] , in tomato [24] , in tomato [1,13] in bell pepper. . The Jeevamrut and organic manure are environmentally safe organic amendment made from the products of cow. The application of organic manure as well as liquid manure such as Jeevamrut results in significantly higher growth, yield and quality of crops [38] . The finding corroborates with the results obtained [41] in bell pepper.

Influence of different fertility levels on average fruit weight (g) was found significant. Significantly maximum average fruit weight (90.14 g) was recorded in treatment f 1 (100% RDF). The minimum average fruit weight (83.54 g) was noted under the treatment f 2 (80% RDF).

It may be due to promotion of immense biological activities in soil and enhanced nutrient availability to crop with the application of Jeevamrut. These findings are in conformity with [4] in pepper, [14] tomato, in bell pepper [1,18] in tomato and also reported positive effect of vermicompost on pepper [13] .

The effect due to various liquid organic substances, methods of application and fertility levels treatment on fruit yield per plant (kg) and the mean data is furnished in Table 2.

Treatments	Average fruit weight (g)	Fruit yield per plant (kg)	Fruit yield per plot (kg)	Fruit yield per hectare (q)
Liquid organic substances (O)
o1: 4% Jeevamrut	93.12	2.22	18.45	379.65
o2: 40% Waste decomposer	80.56	1.95	16.94	348.52
S. Em.±	1.20	0.06	0.45	9.27
C.D. at 5%	3.55	0.17	1.32	27.20

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An appraisal data due to various liquid organic substances application treatments were found significant for fruit yield per plant (kg).

The results pertaining to effect of different liquid organic substances, methods of application, fertility levels and its interaction on fruit yield per plot (kg) is summarized in Table 2.

Data mentioned in

Data mentioned in

Fruit yield per hectare (q)

Examination of the data on influences of different liquid organic substances on fruit yield per hectare revealed that the significantly maximum fruit yield per hectare (379.65 q) was recorded with treatment of o 1 (4% Jeevamrut); whereas, minimum yield per hectare (348.52 q) was noticed with treatment of o 2 (40% waste decomposer). The beneficial effects of Jeevamrut reported by [22,28,9] was attributed to higher microbial load and growth hormones which might have enhanced the soil biomass thereby sustaining the availability and uptake of applied as well as native soil nutrients which ultimately resulted in better growth and yield of crops. The results are in conformity with the findings of [6] in chilli and [13] in bell pepper. The effect of different methods of application on fruit yield per hectare (q) was to be found significant. The maximum fruit yield per hectare (391.46 q) was noticed in the treatment m 3 (Drenching at 30, 60 & 90 DAT + Foliar spray at 15, 45 & 75 DAT). Whereas, the minimum fruit yield per hectare (348.15 q) was noticed in the treatment m 1 (Drenching at 30, 60 & 90 DAT). Similar result was obtained in bell pepper [13] .

From the above results, it was found that the Jeevamrut is liquid organic solution, prepared from cow dung, urine, legume flour, soil and jaggary. They contain macro nutrients, essential micro nutrients, many vitamins, essential amino acids, PGRs like IAA, GA and beneficial microorganisms [22,20,26] .

Influence of Jeevamrut and waste decomposer, methods of application and fertility levels on quality of tomato Fruit volume (cc)

The data pertaining to fruit volume (cc) as influenced by various liquid organic substances, methods of application and fertility levels are furnished in Table 3.

Treatments	Fruit volume (cc)	Fruit cracking (%)	Total soluble solids (0Brix)	Chlorophyll a (mg/g)	Chlorophyll b (mg/g)	Total chlorophyll (mg/g)	Ascorbic acid content (mg/100g)
Liquid organic substances (O)
o1: 4% Jeevamrut	95.31	1.67	4.70	0.24	0.13	0.35	28.65
o2: 40% Waste decomposer	77.07	1.70	4.48	0.20	0.12	0.33	27.78
S. Em.±	1.07	0.02	0.06	0.004	0.003	0.01	0.23
C.D. at 5%	3.15	NS	0.18	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.68
Methods of application (M)
m1: Drenching at 30, 60 & 90 DAT	84.61	1.69	4.61	0.21	0.12	0.31	27.64
m2: Foliar spray at 15, 45 & 75 DAT	84.95	1.67	4.44	0.22	0.12	0.35	28.05
m3: Drenching at 30, 60 & 90 DAT + Foliar spray at 15, 45 & 75 DAT	89.00	1.69	4.72	0.24	0.13	0.36	28.95
S. Em.±	1.32	0.03	0.08	0.01	0.004	0.01	0.29
C.D. at 5%	NS	NS	0.22	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.84
Fertility levels (F)
f1: 100% RDF	91.22	1.67	4.68	0.23	0.13	0.36	28.61
f2: 80% RDF	81.16	1.70	4.50	0.21	0.12	0.32	27.82
S. Em.±	1.08	0.02	0.06	0.004	0.003	0.01	0.23
C.D. at 5%	3.16	NS	0.18	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.68
Interaction effect
O x M	5.45	NS	NS	0.020	0.015	0.038	NS
O x F	4.46	NS	NS	NS	0.013	0.031	NS
M x F	NS	NS	NS	0.020	0.015	NS	NS
O x M x F	7.73	NS	0.44	0.028	0.022	0.053	NS
C.V.%	5.3	5.7	5.7	7.5	10.3	9.3	3.5

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Appraisal of data revealed that the influence of different liquid organic substances treatment on fruit volume (cc) was found significant. The maximum fruit volume (95.31 cc) was obtained from the treatment of o 1 (4% Jeevamrut) whereas, minimum fruit volume (77.07 cc) was obtained from the treatment of o 2 (40% Waste decomposer).

Looking to the influence of methods of application on fruit volume (cc) was to be found non significant. Inspection of data disclosed significant difference for fruit volume (cc) with different fertility levels. The maximum fruit volume (91.22 cc) was recorded in treatment f 1 (100% RDF). The minimum fruit volume (81.16 cc) was noted under the treatment f 2 (80% RDF).

An influence of different liquid organic substances, methods of application and fertility levels and its interaction was found non significant on fruit cracking (%).

Total soluble solids ( 0 Brix)

The effect of various liquid organic substances, methods of application and fertility levels and their interaction on total soluble solids ( 0 Brix) are presented in Table 3. Data showed that the influence of different liquid organic substances on total soluble solids ( 0 Brix) was found significant. The significantly highest total soluble solids (4.70 0 Brix) was recorded with treatment of o 1 (4% Jeevamrut) whereas, lowest total soluble solids (4.48 0 Brix) was recorded with treatment of o 2 (40% Waste decomposer). The possible reason for increased TSS in organic manure is might be due the increased the activity of the hydrolytic enzyme which converted the complex polysaccharides into simple sugar. Growth regulators also increase translocation of photosynthetic metabolites from other parts of the plant towards developing fruits. This finding is in conformity with the result in tomato [19] [21] , in bell pepper [13] and in chilli [11] . Data revealed that the influence of methods of application on total soluble solids ( 0 Brix) was to be found significant. Accelerated mobility of phothosynthates from the source to the sink, enhanced metabolism of carbohydrates as influenced by growth hormones might have resulted in higher total soluble solids content. These findings are in accordance in bell pepper [13] .

Influence of different fertility levels on total soluble solids ( 0 Brix) was found significant. The highest total soluble solids (4.68 0 Brix) was recorded in treatment f 1 (100% RDF) and lowest total soluble solids (4.50 0 Brix) was noted under the treatment f 2 (80% RDF).

Chlorophyll a content (mg/g) Data revealed that the influence of different liquid organic substances with respect to chlorophyll a (mg/g) was found significant. The significantly maximum chlorophyll a (0. Influence of different fertility levels on chlorophyll a revealed that significantly maximum chlorophyll a (0.23 mg/g) was registered in treatment f 1 (100% RDF) and minimum chlorophyll a (0.21 mg/g) was recorded in treatment f 2 (80% RDF).

The results pertaining to effect of different liquid organic substances, methods of application, fertility levels and its interaction on chlorophyll b (mg/g) is presented in Table 3.

Perusal of data from Influence of different fertility levels on chlorophyll b (mg/g) showed that significantly maximum chlorophyll b (0.13 mg/g) was recorded in treatment f 1 (100% RDF) whereas, minimum chlorophyll a (0.12 mg/g) was recorded in treatment f 2 (80% RDF).

The results pertaining to effect of different liquid organic substances, methods of application, fertility levels and its interaction on total chlorophyll content (mg/g) is furnished in Table 3 Another reason for increased ascorbic acid content could be the increased efficiency of microbes and secretion of growth promoting substances which accelerates the physiological process like synthesis of carbohydrates and biochemical activities [27] . These results are in close accordance with and in tomato [19,21] , in bell pepper [13] and in chilli [11] . The effect of different methods of application on ascorbic acid was to be found significant. The maximum ascorbic acid (28.95 . Similar results were obtained in bell pepper [13] .

The ascorbic acid data showed significant differences due to different fertility level treatment. The maximum ascorbic acid (28.61 mg/100g) was worked out into f 1 (100% RDF) and minimum ascorbic acid (27.82 mg/100g) was worked out into f 2 (80% RDF). DAT with 100% RDF enhanced growth and yield parameters along with the quality of tomato. Moreover, this treatment also recorded the highest net income.

Figures and tables from the paper

Treatments	Plant height (cm) 45 DAT	Plant height (cm) 90 DAT	Number of branches per plant	Days to first flowering	Days taken from flowering to edible maturity	Days to first picking	Days to last picking
Liquid organic substances (O)
o1: 4% Jeevamrut	73.84	122.60	25.62	40.37	44.05	86.90	177.19
o2: 40% Waste decomposer	66.71	108.81	23.63	43.85	49.16	95.64	162.54
S. Em.±	1.242	1.93	0.32	0.65	0.62	1.21	2.28
C.D. at 5%	3.64	5.67	0.95	1.92	1.83	3.57	6.69
Methods of application (M)
m1: Drenching at 30, 60 & 90 DAT	69.38	110.21	24.30	42.97	46.41	93.16	164.51
m2: Foliar spray at 15, 45 & 75 DAT	70.07	113.80	24.11	43.16	47.77	92.45	170.23
m3: Drenching at 30, 60 & 90 DAT + Foliar spray at 15, 45 & 75 DAT	71.38	123.11	25.47	40.20	45.64	88.20	174.86
S. Em.±	1.52	2.37	0.40	0.80	0.77	1.49	2.80
C.D. at 5%	NS	6.94	NS	2.35	NS	NS	NS
Fertility levels (F)
f1: 100% RDF	72.23	121.99	25.28	40.60	45.51	89.13	173.65
f2: 80% RDF	68.33	109.42	23.97	43.62	47.70	93.40	166.08
S. Em.±	1.24	1.93	0.33	0.66	0.63	1.22	2.28
C.D. at 5%	3.64	5.67	0.95	1.92	1.84	3.57	6.69
C.V.%	7.5	7.1	5.6	6.6	5.7	5.6	5.7

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