In vitro evaluation of different fungicides and bio agents against jackfruit leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Introduction

The jackfruit, a tropical fruit consumed for centuries, is scientifically known as Artocarpus heterophyllus. This evergreen tree species, belonging to the Moraceae family, grows 8-25m tall with a straight trunk diameter of 30-80cm. (Ranasinghe et al., 2019) [11] Locally, it's referred to as 'jackfruit tree' in English, while regional names include Kathal (Bangladesh), Jaqueira (Brazil), Jackfruchtbaum (Germany), and Nangka or Nongko (Indonesia). In India, it's known by various vernacular names, such as halasu (Kannada), kathal (Hindi), phanas (Marathi), and pila or pilavu or chakka (Tamil and Malayalam) (Cabi 2019) [3] . Jackfruit is native to the Western Ghats of India, Asia, Africa, and parts of South America, and jackfruit is a climacteric fruit, widely cultivated in tropical regions. As a non-seasonal fruit crop, jackfruit is a vital resource for both humans and livestock, earning it the designation "poor man's food" (Afroz M and Rahman MA 2016) [1] . Jackfruit is a nutrient-rich fruit that offers numerous health benefits. Its high dietary fiber content promotes smooth bowel movements, preventing constipation (Ranasinghe RASN et al., 2019) [11] . Jackfruit is rich in minerals, vitamins, enzymes, and antioxidants. It has many nutritional benefits and therapeutic applications. The majority of Jackfruit-growing regions worldwide are affected with leaf spot disease. Among the different plant-pathogenic fungi, Colletotrichum is the most prevalent and significant genera. The infection significantly decreased the market value of fruits and posed a major obstacle to the successful production of jackfruit in Konkan region of Maharashtra as well as other regions of the nation. This infection causes dead twigs on jackfruit as well as necrotic lesions on leaves and fruits.

Materials and Methods

The present research work was carried out at the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.). Efficacy of six fungicides viz., Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP, Carbendazim 50% WP, Copper oxycloride 50% WP, Thiophanate methyl 70% WP, Hexaconazole 5% SC, Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG at different concentrations were tested in vitro against test pathogens separately by applying Poisoned Food Technique (Nene and Thapliyal, 1993) [7] . Three replications were maintained for each treatment. Seven bio agent viz., Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma longibrachiatun, Trichoderma koningii, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtillis and Aspergillus niger were evaluated in vitro, using "Dual culture technique" with three replications in Completely Randomized Design. The inoculated plates were incubated at room temperature (27±2 °C) for seven days and radial colony growth was measured. The efficacy of fungicides and organics was expressed as percent inhibition of mycelial growth over control. percent inhibition was calculated by using the formula given by Vincent, 1947 [14] .

C-T Percent Inhibition (I) = X 100 C

Where, C = Growth (mm) of the test fungus in untreated control plate and T = Growth (mm) of the test fungus in treated plates.

Results and Discussion

In vitro efficacy of fungicides against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Data from (Table 1, Plate 1 and Fig. 1) depicted that all the fungicide evaluated at different concentrations were found effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 0.2%, Carbendazim 50% WP @ 0.1% were the most significantly effective fungicides in inhibiting the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with cent percent inhibition over control and 0.00 mm colony diameter. It was followed by Hexaconazole @ 0.05% (83.70%), Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.05% (83.66%), Thiophanate methyl 70% WP @ 0.1% (82.75%) and Copper oxycloride @ 0.25% (61.65%) inhibition. The results of present investigation are in accordance with the results obtained by according to the conclusions of Jayalakshmi et al. (2015) [3] , Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% caused cent percent disease control of C. gloeosporioides at different concentration. This result shows that the combi product Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% inhibited percent mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides at different concentration. Ramani et al. (2015) [10] who found that complete mycelial growth inhibition of the C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose of banana was observed due to Carbendazim 12% WP + Mancozeb 63% WP were most effective and gave 100% growth inhibition at all concentration viz., 100ppm, 250ppm, 500ppm and 1000ppm respectively. Dev and Narendrappa (2016) [2] observed that Trifloxystrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 50% WG showed cent percent inhibition at 100, 250, 500, 1000ppm concentrations against C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose of pomegranate. Behera et al. (2019) [2] examined the efficacy of against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in black pepper. He found that maximum growth inhibition of fungus was observed in case of Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP (0.1%) 97.26% which is followed by Carbendazim 50% WP (0.2%) 91.24%. The results are also in close proximity with the results obtained by Sharma et al. (2019) [12] , Kadlag et al. (2023) [6] and Vanani et al. (2024) [13] .

Plate 1: in vitro efficacy of fungicides against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Conclusion

The results of present experiment, concluded that among the in vitro evaluated fungicides, Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 0.2% and Carbendazim 50% WP 0.1% inhibited cent percent mycelial growth while the different bio agents evaluated, Trichoderma longibrachiatum are most effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing leaf spot of jackfruit.

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgementAuthors are thankful to the Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.) for providing necessary facilities.

References

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