Evaluation of serum calcium, vitamin D, vitamin E, and CEA levels in patients with colorectal cancer

Abstract

Colorectal Cancer is a widespread illness that begins with unusual growth of the inner colon or rectum and progresses to the entire thickness of the epithelial lining before spreading to nearby lymph nodes and tissues and eventually distant metastases. It is one of the most challenging cancers to treat, with severe symptoms that worsen, become more obvious and specific as the disease progresses, with a high mortality rate and minimal survival if detected late or untreated. Calcium has been demonstrated to protect epithelial cells from toxic effects, and its impact on CRC risk. High vitamin D concentrations are correlated with a decreased risk of recurrence and all-cause death in CRC patients. The serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen is not created in large amounts after birth, but it is raised in CRC. Antioxidant micronutrients (Vitamin E) have anticancer effects. The role of vitamin E in reducing colorectal cancer risk is still debated. The participants of the study comprised 180 cases, encompassing both ill and healthy persons, divided into two groups: The initial cohort consisted of 90 individuals, comprising 47 males and 43 females. The second group comprised 90 healthy adults, consisting of 56 males and 34 women. The result shows a high significantly decrease (P