Study of avian diversity and nesting ecology of Pimpaldari forest, Hingoli District (M.S.)

The Pimaldari forest area is rich in bird diversity. The Pimpaldari forest provide vital role for present avian fauna and flora with great place to eat rest and breed. This forest are the part of the ecosystem and environment birds are the great way to monitor the environment for the conservation and protection of bird species and their ecology is to important to understand their life cycle, habitat and ecosystem. This study was conducted to explore the bird diversity and nesting ecology of Pimpaldari forest area of ​​Hingoli district of Maharashtra. Observations were made in the Pimpaldari forest and its surrounding areas from January 2023 to January 2024 for 2 hours after sunrise and 2 hours before sunset at each location in the Pimpaldari forest and its surrounding areas. During the study period, 68 species of birds belonging to 34 different families were recorded and a total of 86 nests were recorded. The highest numbers of nests were made by the House Sparrow16, followed by Common Myna 09, Baya weavers 07 Rose Ringed Parakeet 6 and Jungle Crow 5, etc. Apart from this, it was observed that the birds used the trees and shrubs adjacent to the forest area for nesting. Maximum birds species were sighted during the winter season some were found to be migratory and most being resident. The species recorded include 36 Residential common, 9 Residential uncommon, 6 Residential, 3 Winter migrant common, 3 Winter migrant, 2 Migratory, 3 Residential migrant common, 1 Migrant uncommon, 1 Resident common rare and 2 Residential rare are observed.

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No of Nests: White-breasted Waterhen vs Red wattled lapwing vs Little brown dove vs Spotted dove vs Blue Rock pigeonClose ×

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Introduction

Hingoli district in Maharashtra has a forest area of approximately 2.32% of its total geographical area, which is about 4.827sq km and approximately 275 sq km of forest area. The major forest area in the district is in Aundha taluka which is about 10432 hectares Aundha Nagnath is one of the taluka of Hingoli district (M.S.) is 25 k.m.away from Hingoli and pimpaldari village and forest area located in the Aundha taluka of Hingoli district of Maharashtra. The present study served part chosen sides at pimpledari forest within 5 km radius of the organisation for pimpaldari village and forest the selected spots and sites are largely fully covered by different trees like teak trees, fruits trees small different types of buses, grasses, dry decirus area Present many type of trees available for the nesting of birds. Besides area mixed agriculture, plots, fields, native vegetation.

Forest provide the essential resources necessary for the completion of life cycle including food for adult nesting and nesting sides their demands for food are higher and are likely to be more sensitive to changes in forest resources Jeffery. A. et al 2015 we represent in this paper Avian diversity and nesting ecology of pimpaldari forest district Hingoli There is a no scientific data available on the Avian fauna and nesting ecology of pimpaldari forest

Materials And Methods

The observation was carried out by using a field binocular, digital photo camera which is later analyse and identified to bird species with the help of standard literature and direct count method was used to record the avian diversity and nesting ecology monitored by using a pair of 10X50 binocular. Fieldwork was carried out during the time period January 2023 to January 2024 also direct observation and species noting was made by walking on grassland, tracking on road sides in and around forest areas and behaviour and nesting ecology observed during the study period The plant species also identified and recorded. NAAS Rating: 4.82 IJBS 2025; 7(6): 223-226 Pradnya Ramchandra Mujmule Department of Zoology, Adarsh College, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India Dr. BS Salve Department of Zoology, Adarsh College, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India Pradnya Ramchandra Mujmule Department of Zoology, Adarsh College, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India https://www.biologyjournal.net Table 1: Check list of Birds recording in and around Pimpaldari Forest area.

Sr. No.	Common Name/Family	Scientific Name	Habitat Status	Count
1	Pelecaniformes Ardeidae
1	Indian pond heron	Ardeola grayii (Skyes, 1832)	RC	10
2	Perple heron	Ardea purpurea (Linnaeus, 1766)	RC	3
3	Grey heron	Ardea cinerea (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	11
4	Cattle egret	Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	14
5	Little egret	Egretta garletta(Linnaeus, 1766)	RC	30
2	Suliformes Phalacrocoracidae
6	Little cormorant	Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot, 1817)	RMc	50
7	Indian Shag	Phalacrocoraxniger fuscicollis (Stephens, 1826)	RMc	4
3	Threskiornithidae
8	Black headed ibis	Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790)	RU	6
9	Red naped ibis	Pseudibis Papillosa (Temminck, 1824)	RU	4
10	Eurasian spoonbill	Platalea leucordia (Linnaeus, 1758)	WMu	6
4	Anseritormes Anatidae
11	Indian spot billed duck	Anas poecilorhyncha (Forster JR,1781)	RC	52
12	Common teal	Anas crecca (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	20
13	Brahminy Shelduck	Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764)	WM	25
14	Red crested pochard	Neeta rufina (Pallas, 1773)	M	2
15	Common Pochard	Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758)	M	4
5	Gruiformes Rallidae
16	Euracian coot	fulica atra (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	52
17	Purple Moorhen	Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	8
18	White breasted waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant, T 1769)	RC	5
6	Coraciiformes Alcedinida
19	White throated kinghfisher	Halcyon smyrnesis (Linnaeus, 1758	RC	30
20	Blue eared kingfisher	Alcedo meninting(Horsfield, 1821)	RU	6
21	Lesser pied kingfisher	Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	2
7	Meropidae
22	Green bee eater	Merops orientalis (Latham, 1801)	RC	34
23	Little bee-eater	Merops pusillus Müller, PLS, 1776	RC	30
8	Coraciidae
24	Indian Roller	Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Rr	3
9	Characlriiformes charadriidae
25	Red wattled lapwing	Vanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783)	RCr	58
26	Little ringed plover	Charadrius dubius (Scopoli, 1786)	WMc	8
27	Green sand ploven	Charadrius mongolus (Lesson, 1826)	WM	21
10	Recurlirostridae
28	Black winged stilt	Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758)	WMc	18
11	Scolopacidae
29	Broad billed sandpiper	Calidris falcinellus (Pontoppidan, 1763)	WM	8
30	Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758)	WMc	10
12	Laridae
31	River tern	Sterna aurantia (Gray, JE, 1831)	RU	2
13	Glareolidae
32	Small pratincole	Glareola lactea (Temminck, 1820)	RC	2
14	Podicipediformes Podicipedidae
33	Black necked grabe	podiceps nigricollisr (Brehm, 1831)	RC	13
34	Little grabe	Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764)	RC	8
15	Ciconiiformes ciconidae
35	White necked stork	Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783)	RC	10
16	Columbiformes Columbidae
36	Little brown dove	Spilopelia senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766)	RC	3
37	Eurasian collared dove	Streptopellia decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838)	RC	8
38	Spotted dove	Spilopelia Chinensis (Scopoli, 1768)	RC	12
39	Blue Rock pigeon	Columba livia (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	RC	24
17	Passeriformes Nectariniidae
40	Purple sunbird	Cinnyris asiaticus (Latham, 1790)	R	2
41	Common Swallow	Hirundo rustica Hirundinidae (Rafinesque, 1815)	RMc	2
42	House Swallow	Hirundo tahitica (Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	2
18	Pycnonotidae
43	Red vented bulbul	Pycnontus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766)	RC	54
44	Black Bulbul	Hypsipetes leucocephalus (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Rr	50
19	Estrildidae
45	Scaly-breasted munia	Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758)	R	4
20	Alaudidae
46	Ashy erowned finch lork	Erenopterix griseus (Scopoli, 1786)	RU	10
21	Dicruridae

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Sr. No. Common Name/Family Scientific Name Habitat Status Count 1 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae 1 Indian pond heron Ardeola grayii (Skyes, 1832) RC 10 2 Perple heron Ardea purpurea (Linnaeus, 1766) RC 3 3 Grey heron Ardea cinerea (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 11 4 Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 14 5 Little egret Egretta garletta(Linnaeus, 1766) RC 30 2 Suliformes Phalacrocoracidae 6 Little cormorant Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot, 1817) RMc 50 7 Indian Shag Phalacrocoraxniger fuscicollis (Stephens, 1826) RMc 4 3 Threskiornithidae 8 Black headed ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790) RU 6 9 Red naped ibis Pseudibis Papillosa (Temminck, 1824) RU 4 10 Eurasian spoonbill Platalea leucordia (Linnaeus, 1758) WMu 6 4 Anseritormes Anatidae 11 Indian spot billed duck Anas poecilorhyncha (Forster JR,1781) RC 52 12 Common teal Anas crecca (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 20 13 Brahminy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) WM 25 14 Red crested pochard Neeta rufina (Pallas, 1773) M 2 15 Common Pochard Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758) M 4 5 Gruiformes Rallidae 16 Euracian coot fulica atra (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 52 17 Purple Moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 8 18 White breasted waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant, T 1769) RC 5 6 Coraciiformes Alcedinida 19 White throated kinghfisher Halcyon smyrnesis (Linnaeus, 1758 RC 30 20 Blue eared kingfisher Alcedo meninting(Horsfield, 1821) RU 6 21 Lesser pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 2 7 Meropidae 22 Green bee eater Merops orientalis (Latham, 1801) RC 34 23 Little bee-eater Merops pusillus Müller, PLS, 1776 RC 30 8 Coraciidae 24 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Rr 3 9 Characlriiformes charadriidae 25 Red wattled lapwing Vanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783) RCr 58 26 Little ringed plover Charadrius dubius (Scopoli, 1786) WMc 8 27 Green sand ploven Charadrius mongolus (Lesson, 1826) WM 21 10 Recurlirostridae 28 Black winged stilt Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758) WMc 18 11 Scolopacidae 29 Broad billed sandpiper Calidris falcinellus (Pontoppidan, 1763) WM 8 30 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) WMc 10 12 Laridae 31 River tern Sterna aurantia (Gray, JE, 1831) RU 2 13 Glareolidae 32 Small pratincole Glareola lactea (Temminck, 1820) RC 2 14 Podicipediformes Podicipedidae 33 Black necked grabe podiceps nigricollisr (Brehm, 1831) RC 13 34 Little grabe Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764) RC 8 15 Ciconiiformes ciconidae 35 White necked stork Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783) RC 10 16 Columbiformes Columbidae 36 Little brown dove Spilopelia senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) RC 3 37 Eurasian collared dove Streptopellia decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838) RC 8 38 Spotted dove Spilopelia Chinensis (Scopoli, 1768) RC 12 39 Blue Rock pigeon Columba livia (Gmelin, JF, 1789) RC 24 17 Passeriformes Nectariniidae 40 Purple sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus (Latham, 1790) R 2 41 Common Swallow Hirundo rustica Hirundinidae (Rafinesque, 1815) RMc 2 42 House Swallow Hirundo tahitica (Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758) RC 2 18 Pycnonotidae 43 Red vented bulbul Pycnontus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) RC 54 44 Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) Rr 50 19 Estrildidae 45 Scaly-breasted munia Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758) R 4 20 Alaudidae 46 Ashy erowned finch lork Erenopterix griseus (Scopoli, 1786) RU 10 21 Dicruridae https://www.biologyjournal.net 47 Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817) RC 14 48 White-bellied drongo Dicrurus caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 8 22 Passeridae 49 House sparrow Passer donesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 106 23 Corvidae 50 House crow corvus splenders (Vieillot, 1817) RC 51 51 Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos (Wagler, 1827) RC 14 24 Sturnidae 52 Common myna Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) RC 25 53 Brahminy starling myna Sturnia pagodarum (Gmelin, JF, 1789) RC 10 54 Asian Pied starling Sturnus contraGracupica contra (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 6 55 Indian pied myna Gracupica contra (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 4 25 Aegithinidae 56 Common iora Aegithina tiphia (Linnaeus, 1758) RU 2 26 Cisticolidae 57 Common tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant, 1769) R 2 27 Muscicapidae 58 Indian robin Copsychus fulicatus (Linnaeus, 1766) RU 10 28 Motacillidae 59 Western yellow wagtail Motacilla flava (Linnaeus, 1758) WMC 10 60 White wagtail Motacilla alba (Linnaeus, 1758) MU 4 29 Hirundinidae 61 Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii (Leach, 1818) RU 22 30 Galliformes Phasianiadae 62 Indian peafowl Pavo cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) R 8 31 Accipitriformes Accipitridae 63 Black winged kite Elanus careuleus (Desfontaines, 1789) R 6 64 Black kite Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) R 4 32 Cuculiformes Cuculidae 65 Asian koel Eudynamys scolopaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 18 33 Psittaciformes Psittaculidae 66 Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) RC 52 34 Alcedinidae 67 Small Blue Kingfisher Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) RU 8 68 White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758) RC 6 Abbreviation in Habitat Status R= Resident, RC= Resident Common, RMc = Residential Migrant Common, RU = Resident Uncommon, WMu = Winter Migrant Uncommon, WM = Winter Migrant, M = Migrant, MU = Migrant Uncommon, WMr = Winter Migrant Rare, RCr = Resident Common Rare, Rr = Resident Rare, WMc = Winter Migrant Common. Table 2: List of Birds Species, Nest sites, Nest types & No.

Sr. No.	Birds Species	Nest site	Nest type	No of Nests
1	White-breasted Waterhen	Bushes	Cup Nest	02
2	Red wattled lapwing	Ground	Ground Nest	03
3	Little brown dove	Bushes, Tree	Platform Nest	01
4	Spotted dove	Bushes, Small tree	Platform Nest	03
5	Blue Rock pigeon	Towers	Platform Nest	02
6	Red vented bulbul	Tree	Cup Nest	04
7	Black drongo	Tree	Cup Nest	04
8	House sparrow	Tree	Platform Nest	16
9	House crow	Tree	Platform nest	04
10	Jungle crow	Tree	Platform Nest	05
11	Common myna	Cavity, Tree Hole	Hole Nest	09
12	Brahminy starling myna	Tree Hole	Hole Nest	02
13	Common iora	Tree	Cup Nest	01
14	Common tailorbird	Tree	Cup Nest	01
15	Indian robin	Tree Hole, Wall	Hole Nest	02
16	Rose ringed parakeet	Tree Holes	Hole Nest	06
17	Cattle egret	Bushes, Tree	Platform Nest	05
18	Baya weavers	Tree	Pendent Nest	07
19	Black kite	Tree canopy	Platform Nest	03
20	Common woodshrike	Trees	Cup Nest	06

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47	Black drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817)	RC	14
48	White-bellied drongo	Dicrurus caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	8
22	Passeridae
49	House sparrow	Passer donesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	106
23	Corvidae
50	House crow	corvus splenders (Vieillot, 1817)	RC	51
51	Jungle crow	Corvus macrorhynchos (Wagler, 1827)	RC	14
24	Sturnidae
52	Common myna	Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766)	RC	25
53	Brahminy starling myna	Sturnia pagodarum (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	RC	10
54	Asian Pied starling	Sturnus contraGracupica contra (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	6
55	Indian pied myna	Gracupica contra (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	4
25	Aegithinidae
56	Common iora	Aegithina tiphia (Linnaeus, 1758)	RU	2
26	Cisticolidae
57	Common tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant, 1769)	R	2
27	Muscicapidae
58	Indian robin	Copsychus fulicatus (Linnaeus, 1766)	RU	10
28	Motacillidae
59	Western yellow wagtail	Motacilla flava (Linnaeus, 1758)	WMC	10
60	White wagtail	Motacilla alba (Linnaeus, 1758)	MU	4
29	Hirundinidae
61	Wire-tailed Swallow	Hirundo smithii (Leach, 1818)	RU	22
30	Galliformes Phasianiadae
62	Indian peafowl	Pavo cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	R	8
31	Accipitriformes Accipitridae
63	Black winged kite	Elanus careuleus (Desfontaines, 1789)	R	6
64	Black kite	Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783)	R	4
32	Cuculiformes Cuculidae
65	Asian koel	Eudynamys scolopaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	18
33	Psittaciformes Psittaculidae
66	Rose ringed parakeet	Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769)	RC	52
34	Alcedinidae
67	Small Blue Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758)	RU	8
68	White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758)	RC	6

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Of Nests. ringed parakeet 6, Jungle crow 5, Red vented bulbul 4, House crow 4, Black drongo 4, Spotted dove 3, Red wattled lapwing 3, Indian robin 2, Brahminy starling myna 2, Blue Rock pigeon 2, White breasted Waterhen 2, Common tailorbird 1, Common iora 1 & Little brown dove 1. Also, during the study period, 4 types of nests of different birds Sr. No. Birds Species Nest site Nest type No of Nests 1 White-breasted Waterhen Bushes Cup Nest 02 2 Red wattled lapwing Ground Ground Nest 03 3 Little brown dove Bushes, Tree Platform Nest 01 4 Spotted dove Bushes, Small tree Platform Nest 03 5 Blue Rock pigeon Towers Platform Nest 02 6 Red vented bulbul Tree Cup Nest 04 7 Black drongo Tree Cup Nest 04 8 House sparrow Tree Platform Nest 16 9 House crow Tree Platform nest 04 10 Jungle crow Tree Platform Nest 05 11 Common myna Cavity, Tree Hole Hole Nest 09 12 Brahminy starling myna Tree Hole Hole Nest 02 13 Common iora Tree Cup Nest 01 14 Common tailorbird Tree Cup Nest 01 15 Indian robin Tree Hole, Wall Hole Nest 02 16 Rose ringed parakeet Tree Holes Hole Nest 06 17 Cattle egret Bushes, Tree Platform Nest 05 18 Baya weavers Tree Pendent Nest 07 19 Black kite Tree canopy Platform Nest 03 20 Common woodshrike Trees Cup Nest 06

Results And Discussion

In total 68 birds species belonging to 34 families were recorded during the study period (table 01) of these 20 species were observed nesting in the areas (table 02) in total 86 nests were recorded the highest number of nests were by House sparrow16, Common myna 09,Baya weaver 07 Rose https://www.biologyjournal.net 10. Jaikrishna R. Legislative framework for the protection of wetlands. J Environ. 2008. 11.

Kulkarni AN, Kanwate VS, Deshpande VD. Birds in and around Nanded city, Maharashtra. Zoos Print J. 2005;20(11):2076-8. 12. Kulkarni AN, Kanwate VS.

Piscivorous birds of Dongarheda irrigation tank, Dist. Hingoli (M.S.). J Aqua Biol. 2006;21(1):86-7. 13. Gajera N, Dharaiya NA, Dave S.

Nesting patterns of some terrestrial birds in Danta Forest Range, northern Gujarat, India. 2009. 14. Palmes P, Briggs C. Crab-plovers Dromas ardeola in the Gulf of Kutch. Forktail. 1986;1:21-2. 15.

Parasharya BM. Studies on the coastal birds and their marine habitat with special emphasis on the biology of the Indian Reef Heron Egretta gularis [PhD thesis]. Rajkot: Saurashtra University; 1984. 16. Pentewar MS.

Conservation of avian diversity at Sikara Dam near Mukhed, Dist. Nanded, MS, India. Int J Life Sci. 2018;Special Issue A10:17-20. 17. Pawar RT, Pathan TS, Bhosale YM.

Avifaunal study of Majalgaon Reservoir and their tributaries, District Beed, Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. Int J Sci Res Biol Sci. 2019;6(4):51-5. 18. Rodgers WA, Panwar HS. Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network in India.

Vol 1. Dehra Dun: Wildlife Institute of India; 1988. 19. Pawar SS, Wanjari AJ. Diversity of avian fauna in Nanded city.

Int J Sci Res (IJSR). 2015;4(2):1419-21. 20. Soni VC, Sharma P, Dave SM, Bhalodia K, Vijaykumar V. Nesting ecology of some terrestrial birds in Rajkot city (Gujarat). J Curr Biosci. 2004;2(1):97-104. 21.

Stewart RE. Wetlands as bird habitat. US Geol Surv Water Supply Pap. 2007;2425. 22. Yardi D, Patil SS, Auti RG.

Diversity of avian fauna from Salim Ali Lake of Aurangabad. Paper presented at: 21st Meet of Bird Lovers of Maharashtra; 2004 Apr 3-4; Nanded, India. were observed, including these: Platform Nest 46, Hole Nest 19, Cup Nest 18 & Ground Nests 3 are observed and recorded during field work. In generally the nesting behaviour of the birds in Pimpaldari forest area indicates that most of the terrestrial birds prefer either large canopy trees are thorny bushes for nesting, probably to avoid predation. Since the Pimpaldari forest is rich in bird diversity, no scientific data is available on nests and hence the biodiversity of birds and nests is currently being studied.

Apart from this, the trees and shrubs adjacent to the forest area include Neem (Azadirachta indica), Mango (Mangifera Indica), Chinch (Tamarindus indica), Palas (Butea moncspema), Jambhul (Syzygium cumin), Banyan (Ficus benghalensis), Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana), Kauth (Limonia acidissima), Bael (Aegle marmelos), Mahua (Madhuca longifolia), Guava (Psiclum guajava), (Psidium guajava), Ashoka (Saraca asoca), Karanja (Millettia pinnata), Lemon (Citrus limon), Gulmohar (Delonix regia), Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), Almond (Terminalia catappa), Babul (Vachellia nilotica), Eucalypt (Eucalyptus obliqua) etc. Various bird nests were found on the trees. Also, agriculture was seen around the Pimpaldari forest. Farmers were found to be growing various types of seasonal crops in these fields are include Kalachana (Cicer arietinum), Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Bajara (Pennisetum glaucum), Jawar (Sorghum bicolor), Cotton (Gossypium arboretum), Tur (Cajanus cajan), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Vigna radiate (Mung bean), lady's fingers (Abelmoschus esculentus), Black eye pea (Vigna unguiculata), Brinjal (Solanum melongena) and Chillies (Capsicum annuum) etc.

Acknowledgment

I am grateful to Dr. B. S. Salve for his guidance and

Discussion

that encouraged me during research work. I am thankful to Mr. Prakash Mujmule and Mr. Suresh Kolhe, also every people who help me and giving efforts during the field work.

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