A review: Role of women in decision making to household activity

Introduction

We all know how equality is important for us in everywhere. Equality of women is an idea of recent origin and emerged only from the beginning of the nineteenth century Women play role in important family matter decision .today we all know how education important for us for women education is very important because of we have to lead our decision nobody can take our related decision educated women take easily own decision and important family matters regarding also but if uneducated women in our family they have no right to take decision and even they can no give advice in other matters because in men perception they have no authenticity in her decision in this study we know about what is role of women in household activity.

Review of literature

Women is soul of our society have been covered very little in the he history of our nation. We reviewing in this study how take women decision in different states, nation and district. This study is very important for us because in this study lot of researches reviewed and compile in one review paper. Priyaranjan Maral and Vipul Kumar (2017) [9] In the nuclear family system, results showed that most of the decision-making powers were handled by jointly husband and women in both working and non-working women. In social activities, where joint decisions were preferred by both non-working (75%) and working women (66.7%); in health issues decisions were taken jointly by both non-working (54.2%) and working women (50%); in child education, nonworking women (66.7%) working women (45.8%), in family disputes non-working women (68.8%) and working women (75%). P. Saravanakumar, J. Elizabeth Vara kumari (2018) [10] This study shows that about 67% of rural and 43% of urban housewives were involved in decision making. About 33% were BPL in rural areas while 21% in urban areas. About 73% rural versus 87% urban people participated in decision making regarding household decisions. In health-related behaviour in rural areas, 77% did not have the right to say anything, while in urban areas only 45% did not have the right to express their views. For family planning, 33% in rural areas vs. urban areas. National Statistical Office survey 2019 (January to December) More than 90% of Indian women participated in unpaid domestic work at home in 2019 compared to 27% of men. On the other hand, only 22% of women participated in employment and related activities compared to 71% of men. Though subtle regional variations existed, more than 84% of women participated in unpaid domestic work across all States, regardless of men's participation in such work and women's participation in employment and related activities. Bhagwan Singh and Soma Srivastava (2016) [11] In case of household activities, it was observed that most of the decisions related to clothing (66.67%), children's education (72.22%), children's marriage (100%), construction/repair of house (69.44%), purchase of household appliances (55.55%) etc. were taken jointly by the husband and wife. It was taken jointly by the husband/wife. Regarding decisions related to family medical care, it was seen that in 50 percent of the cases the decision was taken primarily by the male leader, and in half with the joint concern of both. Women dominated in decisions related to liking and preparing food for the family (80.55%) Robin A. Richardson, Sam Harper, Lisa M. Bates, and Arijit Nandi (2020) [12] These responses indicate that women reported high agency in the domain freedom of movement, with most women reporting they could go to many locations in the village alone, such as the market (91%) and a health center or doctor (89%). Women's responses to measures of attitudes and perceptions also indicate high agency, with most women agreeing that a woman should be able to work outside of the home if she wants to (93%) and a wife has the right to express her opinion, even if she disagrees with her husband (93%). However, women's responses to items capturing decisionmaking in the home indicate that women have lower agency in this domain, with many women uninvolved in decisions regarding their own healthcare (35%) and whether they could work (22%). Women also reported lower agency in the domain comfort with public engagement, with several women reporting they were not at all comfortable protesting the misbehaviour of elected officials (22%) or attending rural meetings unaccompanied (35%). Parimita Routray1, Belen Torondel, Thomas Clasen, Wolf-Peter Schmidt (2017) [13] the female head along with other females in the family were able to take decisions about their own health care in only 4.4% households. This proportion compares with 11.6% for decisions about visiting family and friends, 3.7% about upgrading the house (or make additions to their existing houses), 10% about tube-well installation, 5.4% about making large household purchases, 20.5% about purchase of farm animals or livestock, and 22.5% about making purchases for daily needs. Females mostly decided what to cook for daily meals, and there was not much involvement of men. The data also shows that women's non-involvement in the decision making of other important household activities had no strong association with latrine possession or latrine functionality. Even in the 16% households with female heads, males decided for latrine installation in 68% households and the site selection was again done by males in 66% households. Mona Mehta and Shilpi Saraswat (2014) [6] in a study titled "Pattern of decision making between married and non-marital women in family matters" it was found that the pattern of decision making in relation to few Kshetrons in family matters was semiotic. Apart from this, it was also found that most of the women were educated but they were less likely to act alone in taking decisions. Raazia Hassan Naqvi and Muhammad Ibrar (2015) [7] elicited that in majority of the rural family most of the decisions regarding household and agricultural matter are taken up by the family head alone. Wife is consulted for only households matter and not being involved for taking independent or joint decision in the agricultural matters. In a negligible proportion the wife takes independent decisions. Indu Pathak (2016) [18] found that the highest proportion of respondents who had never been involved in financial family questions, but the proportion of these respondents decreased with increasing age. This was 74.44% in the age group between 20 and 35, but this share was 63.91 and 61.61% for women aged 35 and 50 and over. The total share of all respondents with high, moderate and low participation was 32.15. The percentage of participation at all levels is increasing with increasing age groups. It was among women between 20 and 35 years old (25.56%) who had the lowest and highest (38.40%) in the elderly women group (50 and over). The data reveals that older women in their families make more decisions in rural communities. Over 30% of those surveyed were part of the food and towel purchases. Small participation was found in connection with new buildings and old house renovations. Women of all ages over 65% have not participated in these domestic activities Ghimire (2009) [8] , women have less access to income, wealth, and modern avenues of employment. They have to Spend them much time in household work very 12 little time is left for activities with potentially higher economy development of the Country. Their access to property in their husband households, their less access to income, wealth and employment are the main Cause of their low Social Status. It directly affects their decision making power. Representation of women in executive government and parliament is extremely low in India, both in absolute numbers as well as globally. Only a miniscule progress is observed in the entire post-independence era. In the cabinet, formed after the general election in 2014, there were only 5 women ministers out of total 27 ministers. India's global rank is 88 in this regard as per the 'Women in Politics Map 2017', published by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and UN Women. Dinku Dadi,Daniel Bogale,Zenebe Minda, Sintayehu Megersa (2020) [21] Half of the respondents make combined decisions based on how much their husband earns and how much he buys for his household. The study revealed that 16% of the participants decided to have a joint relationship with their husband by meeting family, friends or relatives. What is surprising is that one-third of the husbands take decisions regarding women's health independently, and 210 (61%) women take decisions jointly with their husbands regarding the health of their children. Then, the two Uttaradata together decided to take a decision to visit the health facility. Overall, 193 (56%) married women in the study area felt good in making household decisions.

Conclusion

For a happy family, both husband and wife need to participate in the family decision. In rural women, decisionmaking power is li mited to patriarchal ideology. Although there are generally low decisions for rural women, resources (education, occupation, inc ome) affect the decision institutions of women in this country. In this context, the present study examined variables that contribut e significantly to explain variation in family decision patterns be tween husbands and women. The results of multiple regression a nalysis of women's models showed that education and employm ent had a positive effect on women's participation in the decision process by women. The study showed that education, work, and income have a significant impact on the explanation of diversific ation for determining household management decisions. The lev el of education, occupation, and income of women were positive in their decision-their main authority.

References

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