Effect of phosphorus management on growth, yield attributes and yields of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is second most important cereal crop in world covering 164.19 million hectare with annual production of 513.02 million tonnes of grain with average productivity of 31.24 quintal per hectare (Anonymous, 2021) [1] . In India, rice is grown on around 43.86 million hectares area with record production of 127.93 million tonnes and productivity of about 23.90 quintal per hectare. Uttar Pradesh is the largest rice growing state after West Bengal in India, though its productivity is low. Rice is grown over an area of 5.95 mha with the production of 15.52 mt with average productivity of about 26.34 quintal per hectare in Uttar Pradesh. Rice (Oryzae sativa L.) belongs to family Poaceae and genus "Oryzae". It contains 28.6% carbohydrate, 2.7% protein, 0.3% fat, and considerable proportion of Vitamin B6, Magnesium, Calcium, Iron (USDA, 2019). Biological value of rice protein is 80 which are higher than other cereal crop protein such as maize 50 and wheat 60. This compound is more concentrated in basmati than any other variety approximately 90 parts per billion. Rice production and productivity was significantly enhanced with the introduction and cultivation of semi-dwarf, fertilizer responsive and non-lodging high yielding verities in the late sixties leading to the "Green revolution". The yield level of high yielding varieties is plat eauing in recent years to meet the demand of increasing population and maintain the self sufficiency. This has to be done against the back drop of declining natural resources base such as land, water, labour and other inputs without adversely affecting the quality of environment. Fertilizer has become increasingly crucial in improving food production and quality, particularly since the advent of high yielding and fertilizer responsive cultivars. Researchers have been working to improve rice production, but only a few cases of nano materials have been documented. Nano urea decreases the need for traditional urea by half or more while improving crop production, soil health and nutritional quality of output without compromising soil productivity. It is less expensive than conventional urea, which lowers farmers' input costs and boosts their profits. Rice plants require a lot of mineral nutrients, especially nitrogen to grow, develop and produce grains. Nitrogen is one of the important elements in plant owing to its major part in chlorophyll production, which is essential for the photosynthesis process. Whilst, nitrogen is part of different www.extensionjournal.com enzymatic proteins that catalyze and regulate plant development processes. Foliar application of nano urea liquid at critical crop growth stages of a plant effectively fulfils its nitrogen requirement and leads to higher crop productivity and quality in comparison to conventional urea.

Methods and Materials

The present investigation entitled "Effect of phosphorus management on growth and yield attributes characters of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)" has been carried out during kharif season of 2022 at the Crop Research Centre (CRC, Chirori) of S.V.P. University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut (U.P.) India. The soil of experimental field was sandy loam in texture. Soil samples from a depth of 0-15 cm were collected from each plot of the experimental field prior to transplanting and a composite sample was drawn for determining its physical and chemical properties of soil using the methods. The experimental soil was low in organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc and medium. Field experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications and 10 treatments.

Results and Discussion

Growth parameter

The growth parameter was recorded treatment maximum plant height (113.5 cm), number of tillers (361 m -2 ), leaf area index (4.65), dry matter accumulation (1308.2 g m -2 ), crop growth rate (21.12 g/m 2 ) and relative growth rate (0.027g/g) was recorded treatment (T10)-N100 P30 K40 + Root dipping with 2% DAP + Foliar application of 2% Nano DAP at MT & PI Stage and the minimum data was recorded treatment (T1)-control plant height (90.7 cm), number of tillers (226.3 m -2 ), leaf area index (3.18), dry matter accumulation (919.8 g m -2 ), crop growth rate (18.61 g/m 2 ) and relative growth rate (0.017g/g) was recorded. The Combined use of N100P30K40 + Root dipping with 2% DAP + Foliar application of 2% Nano DAP at MT & PI stage resulted into significant increase in yield attributes characters over T2 and T3 at maturity stage. The effects of various treatments on number of tillers m -² were found to be significant over T2 and T3, at all the stages of crop growth. The application of N100P30K40 + Root dipping with 2% DAP + Foliar application of 2% Nano DAP at MT & PI stage increased the number of tillers m -² significantly at all the stages of crop growth in comparison to T2 and T3. The significantly higher crop growth rate and relative growth rate taken to 50% flowering and maturity was recorded under application of N100P30K40 + Root dipping with 2% DAP + Foliar application of 2% Nano DAP at MT & PI stage. Enhanced vegetative growth with higher nitrogen supply to the plant may be the primary reason for the rise in plant height with increased fertilizer treatment. Greater nitrogen availability to the plant at the active tillering stage may be the cause of the improved tillers due to the effect of nano urea application by Yomso and Menon 2021 [19] .

Yield Parameter

The yield parameter was recorded effective tillers (358.3m 2 ), panicle length (28.9 cm) and test weight (22.37 g) T10-N100P30K40 + Root dipping with 2% DAP + Foliar application of 2% Nano DAP at MT & PI stage. The treatment combination under treatment T10 also significantly increased the number of panicles/m² and test weight. The test weight and filled grains panicle -1 in rice was found to be highest in plots which received N100P30K40 + Root dipping with 2% DAP + Foliar application of 2% Nano DAP at MT & PI stage. Thus, better nutrition of plants associated with increased fertilization helped in maintaining significantly better vegetative growth leading to greater interception of solar radiation which helps in better photosynthates production and their translocation towards developing sink and thus ultimately contributed towards the significant increase in number of filled grains panicle -1 . Similar results were also reported by Thakur 2021 [14] . The maximum grain yield (50.9 q ha -1 ) and straw yield (78.2 q ha -1 ) was recorded significantly higher in the treatment T10-N100P30K40 + Root dipping with 2% DAP + Foliar application of 2% Nano DAP at MT & PI stage as compared to T1 and T2. The highest grain yield under treatment T10 was increased by 44.1% which was closely followed by treatment T9, T8 and T7. The combination of RDF+Nano DAP Foliar spray balanced amount of essential nutrients into the soil and release the available nutrients for a longer period of time and thereby producing higher grains and straw yield Biswas et al. 2020 [3] . The variation in cost of cultivation of rice under different nutrient management practices. The highest B:C ratio (2.08) was in the crop grown with N100P30K40 + Root dipping with 2% DAP + Foliar application of 2% Nano DAP at MT & PI stage (T10) and lowest (1.12) under control (T1). www.extensionjournal.com

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