Effect of plant growth regulators on vegetative growth and leaf yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) var. Kashi Ardra in Chhattisgarh plain

Introduction

The radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is diploidy (2n=18) in nature, belongs to Cruciferae family and can be considered as an annual as well as a biennial crop. It is cool season vegetable. It's green leaves and immature pods are also cooked as a vegetable. It is a cross-pollinated (entomophilous) vegetable. (Alam et al., 2010) [3] . Radish is a good source of vitamin-C (14.8 mg/100 gm of edible portion) and supplies types of minerals. The characteristic pungent flavour of radish is due to isothiocyanate (Kushwah, 2019) [11] . It is useful in liver and gall bladder troubles. In homoeopathy, radish is used for neuralgic headache, sleeplessness and chronic diarrhoea. Radish is mainly grown in West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, Maharashtra and Assam. In India, radish is cultivated an area of 206 mha with an annual production of 3304 MT. (Anon., 2022) [4,5] . In Chhattisgarh, Kondagaon, Korba, Surguja, Kanker, Durg, Rajnandgaon, Raipur and Korea are particularly important radish producing districts. The area and production of white radish in Chhattisgarh was 13,833 ha and 179.378 MT. (Directorate of Horticulture and Farm Forestry C.G., 2022) [4] Plant growth regulators have been shown to be an effective approach to boost vegetable yield without sacrificing quality or soil health. Gibberellins are plant growth hormones which promote cell division and regulate numerous physiological processes including, leaf, root and reproductive organs expansion (Achard et al., 2009, Schwechheimer and Colebrook et al., 2014) [2,15,7] . IAA increases the growth of root and sometimes also shoot of plants (Chaudhary and Rasheed, 2003) [6] . Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is a plant growth promoter, used to regulate and accelerate the formation of roots of young plant and to elevate crop yields. NAA is basically used for vegetative growth particularly flowering but NAA at higher concentrations enhance the yield of radish (Singh et al., 1989) [19] . Synthetic auxins such as 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) induce similar physiological responses as natural auxins in bioassays (Imin et al., 2005) [9] . Plant growth and development are influenced by growth regulators at low concentrations, whereas they are inhibited at high doses.

Materials and Methods

The investigation was carried out at Pt. K.L.S. College of Horticulture and Research Station, Pendri, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) during Rabi season 2023-24. The field experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications having thirteen different treatments with four plant growth regulators concentration i.e., GA3 @ 100, 150 and 200 ppm, IAA @ 50, 100 and 150 ppm, NAA @ 100, 150 and 200 ppm and IBA @ 50, 100 and 150 ppm. The soil was made to fine tilth by continuous harrowing after the area had been carefully ploughed, weeds, stubbles, stones etc., were completely removed. The chemical fertilizers (NPK) were administered at a rate of 50:100:50 kg/ha, with urea providing half of the nitrogen, single super phosphate providing the whole phosphorus and Murata of potash providing half of the potassium as the basal dose. Protective irrigations were done every five to seven days during the cropping period. The desired concentrations of plant growth regulators were prepared and 1st spraying was done at 15 days and 2 nd at 30 days after the sowing of radish crop.

Results and Discussion

Vegetative character

Plant growth regulators GA3 200 ppm gave significantly better performance at vegetative character like maximum plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf yield per plot (kg) and maximum leaf yield per ha (t). The interpretations were recorded on various vegetative character are presented in Table 1.

Plant height

At 30 days, T3 (GA3 @ 200 ppm) recorded significantly the highest plant height (26.33 cm) which was statistically at par with treatments T2 (GA3 @ 150 ppm) (25.05 cm) respectively. However, Control (Water spray) recorded the lowest plant height (16.66 cm) among the others. At 45 days, T3 (GA3 @ 200 ppm) recorded significantly the highest plant height (41.93 cm) which was closely followed by the treatment T2 (GA3 @ 150 ppm) (38.43 cm), while, it was the lowest (27.20 cm) in Control (Water spray). The increase in plant height was mainly due to the hormonal action of enhancing cell number, cell division and cell size. These results are in conformity with the findings of Ganapathi (2006) [8] , Abbas (2011) [1] , Priyanka and Nagaich (2019) [12] in carrot.

Number of leaves per plant

At 30 days, T3 (GA3 @ 200 ppm) recorded the maximum number of leaves per plant (11.60) which was statistically at par with T2 (GA3 @ 150 ppm) (10.83) T9 (NAA @ 200 ppm) (10.46) and T6 (IAA @ 150 ppm) (10.36), while, the lowest number of leaves per plant (6.36) was observed in Control (Water spray). At 45 days, T3 (GA3 @ 200 ppm) recorded the highest number of leaves per plant (15.53) which was statistically at par with T2 (GA3 @ 150 ppm) (14.86) and T9 (NAA @ 200 ppm) (14.60), while, the lowest number of leaves per plant (9.56) was observed in Control (Water spray). Gibberellic acid significantly increased the number of leaves on the plant because it has help to stimutate the activity of subappical meristem during new-formed growth and the apical meristem during vegetative bud development. Similar result were reported by Abbas (2011) [1] . Singh and Rajodia (2001) [18] , (Karuppaiah et al. (2007) [10] , Shweta et al. (2018) [16] and Mishra et al. (2019) [12] regarding in radish.

At 30 days, T3 (GA3 @ 200 ppm) recorded the highest leaf length (24.27 cm) which was statistically at par with T2 (GA3 @ 150 ppm) (23.60 cm) and T9 (NAA @ 200 ppm) (23.33 cm). While, the lowest leaf length per plant (15.81 cm) was observed in Control (Water spray). At 45 days, T3 (GA3 @ 200 ppm) recorded the highest Leaf length (39.27 cm) which was followed by the treatment T2 (GA3 @ 150 ppm) (36.76 cm), while, the lowest leaf length per plant (24.83 cm) was observed in Control (Water spray). Gibberellic acid significantly increased the leaf length on the plant because rise in cell size, cell number and cell division, all of which increase the plant's metabolic activity (Mahabir Singh et al., 1989) [19] .

At 45 days, T3 (GA3 @ 200 ppm) recorded the maximum Leaf yield per plot (4.84 kg) which was statistically at par with T2 (GA3 @ 150 ppm) (7.77 kg) T9 (NAA @ 200 ppm) (7.51 kg) and T6 (IAA @ 150 ppm) (7.46 kg), while, the lowest Leaf yield per plot (6.66 kg) was observed in Control (Water spray). The hormonal activity (cell elongation and cell division of growing portion of leaf) of promoting maximum plant height, more number of leaves and maximum leaf length was the major cause of the rise in leaf yield per plot. The present findings are in confirmation with the findings of Ola et al. (2018) [13] and Sinchana (2021) [17] in radish.

Leaf yield per ha (t)

T3 (GA3 @ 200 ppm) recorded the highest leaf yield per ha (25.27 t) which was statistically at par with treatments T2 (GA3 @ 150 ppm) (23.98 t), T9 (NAA @ 200 ppm) (23.17 t), T6 (IAA @ 150 ppm) (23.02 t) and T12 (IBA @ 150 ppm) (22.86 t), while, the lowest Leaf yield per ha (19.38 t) observed in Control (Water spray. The present findings are in confirmation with the findings of Ola et al. (2018) [13] and Sinchana (2021) [17] in radish.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the application of GA3 200 ppm is better for radish vegetative growth and leaf yield as well as plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, leaf length (cm), leaf yield per plot (kg) and leaf yield per ha (t) of cultivation as compared to other treatments tried in this experiment to future crop planning.

References

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