Insights into the composition of star gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus L.)

Abstract

Phyllanthus acidus, commonly known as star gooseberry, is a tropical fruit that is not widely used but has significant nutritional and therapeutic potential. The aim of this study was to assess the physico-chemical properties, mineral composition, in vitro mineral availability, and bioactive profile of star gooseberry in order to investigate its nutraceutical significance. The physico-chemical analysis showed a high moisture content (91.8%), moderate levels of carbohydrates (6.38 g/100g), and significant amounts of vitamin C (35.2 mg/100g) and beta-carotene (1815.51 µg/100g), highlighting its potential as a natural antioxidant source. The mineral analysis indicated that potassium (231 mg/100g) and phosphorus (20.2 mg/100g) were the primary elements. In vitro studies on mineral bioavailability showed that phosphorus had the highest absorption potential at 62.64%, followed by iron at 31.43%. High-Resolution LC-MS analysis showed that star gooseberry contains a variety of bioactive compounds, such as quercetin, rutin, myricitrin, and gallic acid. These phytochemicals are recognized for their strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. The findings highlight the promise of Phyllanthus acidus as a beneficial component in the creation of functional drinks and nutraceutical products, advocating for its use beyond just traditional and local contexts.