Research article · 2025 · Full text
International Journal of Agriculture and Food ScienceLaboratory study of insecticidal impact on the sensitivity of different stages in the assassin bug Rhynocoris longifrons (Stalº): (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Volume 7(3) · Pages 140–144 · DOI: 10.33545/2664844x.2025.v7.i3b.325 ↗
Research areasHemiptera Insect Studies
Abstract
Author-writtenStage specific sensitivity was studied for five commonly used insecticides in the agroecosystem namely quinalphos, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate (Organophosphorous insecticides) and deltamethrin and bifenthrin (Pyrethroid insecticides) on the assassin bug Rhynocoris longifrons (Stal). All the three organophosphorous insecticides caused 100% mortality in all the durations of treatment (24, 48, 72 and 96hrs) in the first, second and third instar nymphs of R. longifrons. In the fourth, fifth instar nymphs and adult insects only quinalphos and chlorpyrifos caused 100% mortality in R. longifrons. The pyrethroid insecticides did not cause 100% mortality in all the durations in all the nymphal instars and adults. The results will enable strategies for compiling the biological control and chemical control. The laboratory studies revealed that organophosphate was considered the most toxic for all the nymphal instars and adults of R. longifrons whereas synthetic pyrethroids were considered relatively safer insecticides for all the other nymphal instars and adults of R. longifrons. This study demonstrates how the indiscriminate use of insecticides as a pest management strategy can directly disrupt the benefits of natural enemies.
Summary
Source-checkedPlain-language reading of the full paper, prepared with AI and checked against the text. Each point links to the authors' own words.
Why it matters
- Many insecticides used to target plant pests are broad-spectrum biocides that can negatively impact non-target species within agricultural ecosystems. View evidence ↗
- The assassin bug Rhynocoris longifrons is an effective predator in agroecosystems, preying on various pests such as Aphis gossyphii and Spodoptera litura. View evidence ↗
- There is significantly less information available regarding the effects of chemical insecticides on non-target predators compared to their effects on herbivorous insects. View evidence ↗
The question
- The study aimed to evaluate the impact of three organophosphorus insecticides (quinalphos, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate) and two pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, deltamethrin) across all life stages of the predator Rhynocoris longifrons. View evidence ↗
What they did
- Adults and nymphs of R. longifrons were collected from the foothills of Chunkankadai in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. View evidence ↗
- The study used a residual contact bioassay with recommended dosages of five insecticides, including quinalphos (1000 ml/ha) and chlorpyrifos (2000 ml/ha), with six replications per treatment. View evidence ↗
- Ten individuals from each of the five nymphal instars and adults were exposed to treated cotton shoots, with mortality recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. View evidence ↗
What they found
- All three organophosphorus insecticides caused 100% mortality across all treatment durations (24 to 96 hours) for the first, second, and third instar nymphs. View evidence ↗
- In first instar nymphs, pyrethroids caused lower initial mortality at 24 hours (bifenthrin: 71.48±3.53%; deltamethrin: 33.27±2.23%), though bifenthrin reached 100% mortality by 96 hours. View evidence ↗
- Fifth instar nymphs showed increased resistance, with dimethoate causing a maximum mortality of only 53.58±2.39% at 96 hours, compared to 100% for quinalphos and chlorpyrifos. View evidence ↗
- Adults were the most resistant stage; quinalphos and chlorpyrifos caused 100% mortality, but dimethoate caused 0% mortality at 24 hours and only 37.83±5.29% at 96 hours. View evidence ↗
- Pyrethroid insecticides bifenthrin and deltamethrin were found to be completely safe for adult R. longifrons, resulting in no mortality across all exposure durations. View evidence ↗
What it means
- The authors conclude that organophosphorus insecticides have a more negative impact on all stages of R. longifrons and are not recommended for IPM programs involving this predator, while synthetic pyrethroids are safer for later nymphal stages and adults. View evidence ↗
- The study suggests that screening insecticides is essential to protect non-target beneficial insects like R. longifrons. View evidence ↗
Visual summary
1 visualsIllustrations explain the paper; they do not show study data.
Sensitivity Gradient Across Life Stages
AI-generated conceptual illustration (assassin bug Rhynocoris longifrons). It explains the idea and does not show study data.
View source evidence ↗Figures & tables
From the original paper
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6Introduction
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a method of pest control that uses a combination of techniques to minimize the impact of pests on the environment, human health, and the economy. IPM does not necessarily require the complete replacement of insecticides, but rather affects the need to reduce their dependence, by eliminating unnecessary applications. Although these toxins are targeted at plant pests, many of them are broad spectrum biocides that have profound effects on non -target species in agro ecosystems George and Ambrose, 1999a, b) [6] . One of the widely available non target insects are assassin bugs (Reduviids). Assassin bugs are one of the effective predators and they get their name from their predatory behaviour which involves ambushing and killing their prey. There are over 7000 known species ranging in size, shape and colour. Non target assassin bugs living in agro ecosystems are being exposed to insecticides frequently which are indiscriminately used to control insect pest population (George and Ambrose, 2004) [8] . Even though insecticides are widely studied for their control potential against particular insect pests, they are very less studied or even neglected on their control potential against particular insect pests, they are very less studied or even neglected on their impact on non-target insects. The information available on the effects of chemical insecticides on non-target predators are very less than on herbivorous insects (Croft and Brown, 1975; Sahayaraj and Amalraj, 2005) [2,21] . Most of the insecticides are highly toxic to target pests and are typically toxic to non-targeted organisms such as predators and parasitoids which are important regulators of insect pests, hence resulting in the decline of biodiversity of an agroecosystem (Desneux et al., 2007; Juen et al., 2012; Lu et al., 2012, Martinou et al., 2014; Rimoldi et al., 2017) [3,12,14,27,18] . This prompted the author to study the impact of five commonly used insecticides in the agroecosystem particularly three organophosphorus insecticides namely quinalphos, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate and two pyrethroid insecticides namely bifenthrin and deltramethrin in all the stages of the reduviid predator Rhynocoris longiforns (Stal).
R. longifrons was reported to be living in different agro ecosystems and predating upon various insects pests like Aphis gossyphii, Dysdercus cingulatus, Phenacoccus solenopsis, Clavigralla gibbosa and Nesara viridula, Helicoperpa. Armigera and Spodoptera litura (Sahayaraj et al., 2020) [22] . They possess essential characteristics for acting as an active biocontrol which include limited prey range, host searching efficiency, high fecundity, short life cycle, female-biased population, high predatory efficacy, favourable for mass culture, adaptability to new environmental conditions and free from parasites, parasitoids as well as predators (Sahayaraj and Amalraj, 2005) [21] . Determining the toxicity of pesticides to predators is required for effective integrated pest management strategies (Jiang et al., 2018) [11] . The present study evaluated the effect of the recommended pesticides in the agroecosystem in receommended dosages used for the management of common agricultural pests, on R. longifrons under laboratory conditions. These results clearly provide information on the compatibility of these five insecticides on the reduviid predator R. longifrons in the agroecosystem which are widely used in the IPM packages for the management of common agricultural insect pests.
Materials and Methods
Adults and nymphs of R.longifrons were collected from the foothills of Chunkankadai (longitude-77°23′5.03′′E; latitude-8°12′2.74′′N), Kanyakumari district, Tamilnadu. They were maintained in the laboratory at 30±2 °C, relative humidity ranging from 75-80% and photoperiod between 11-13 hrs on the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton. They were reared in 6 inch round plastic netted containers. The temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 26±2 °C and 85±5%. The bugs were kept in plastic containers along with dried cotton leaves and provided rice moth larvae C. cephalonica as regular prey. The R. longifrons have five nymphal instars which have different stadial periods ranging from 7-18 days. They have a prereproductive period ranging between 8-12 days and the egg batch consists of 60-90 eggs and incubates in 8±2 days. The eggs laid by the R. longifrons are collected carefully and allowed them for hatching in the containers. Immediately after hatching the first instar nymphs were carefully transferred to another plastic container using brush. Again after moulting they were transferred to new containers. Each nymphal instars of the reduviid bugs are kept separately. The number of nymphal instars maintained in each container is restricted to 30 in number and adults to five pairs to avoid crowding.
For the present toxicity study, adult and all of the five nymphal instar stages of R. longifrons were selected, which were molted within 24 h of initiation of the experiment. The spraying method used was residual contact bioassay. The individual samples of insecticides were prepared based on the recommended dosages of insecticides for the management of pests in the agroecosystems. The insecticides used in the studies and their recommended dosages are quinalphos 25EC at 1000 ml/ha, dimethoate 30% EC at 750 ml/ha, chlorpyrifos 20 EC at 2000 ml/ha, deltamethrin 11% EC at 500 ml/ha, bifenthrin 10% SC 800ml/ha, and each treatment was having six replications. Each solution of insecticide with recommended dosages was diluted in the water. The insecticide solutions were sprayed into the cotton shoots (George, 1996) [5] . For each experiment, the test insect was transferred to individual plastic netted containers with dimensions of 7 cm height × 15 cm width. Selected ten individuals of 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , and 5th instar nymphs and adults of R.longifrons are introduced into a container having cotton shoots applied with the respective insecticides. The mortality of the test insect was determined by the movement of the insect and its response towards any stimulation. The mortality rate of the insect was recorded every 24 h, 48 h. 72 h and 96 h after the treatment of each insecticides in five different stages and adult insects. A control set up was also maintained with water treated cotton leaves for all the stages of the predator. All the variations caused by the various insecticides in particular duration were initially analyzed by one way ANOVA (SAS Institute, 1988) to find if there is any differences existed among the different insecticides in particular duration. If significant differences are there, then the individual treatment means were tested by post ANOVA (Turkey, 1953) [26] . Statistical significance was determined by setting the aggregate type 1 error at 5% (p<0.05) for each set of comparisons.
Results and Discussion
This study was conducted to analyze the compatibility of three organophosphorus and two pyrethroid insecticides with the application of the insecticide dosage recommended to the farmers for the management of agricultural pests in the agroecosystem. Various stages and adult R. longifrons were released separately on the different insecticide treated containers to find out the developmental stages which are susceptible to the different insecticides and to find out the insecticides which are harmful to the predator R. longifrons. For the first instar nymphs, all the three organophospate insecticides caused 100% mortality in all the durations. The pyrethroid insecticides bifenthrin and deltramethrin caused 71.48±3.53 and 33.27±2.23 percentage respectively in 24 duration which gradually increased to 100% in the 96 hour duration. (Table 1). This study was in corroboration to the study of Rugno et al., (2016) [19] and He et al., (2018) [10] where it is well explained that the toxicity level of an insecticide in a bioassay is dependent on the chemical group and the test insect species. The exposure routes of pesticides to predatory insects are mostly happened through food contact (Angeli et al., 2000) [1] and direct contact with residual deposits (Hassan et al., 1985) [9] . In addition, chemical pesticides are generally more toxic to immature stages than to adults (Rugno et al., 2016; Ono et al., 2017) [19,16] . The recent study coducted by Kammatterikunnu and Thattanteparambil (2025) [13] with organophosphorous insecticides, quinalphos and chlorpyrifos also similar to the present findings in all the developmental stages in Sycanus collaris. The insecticide exposed to second instar insects also showed similar trend like first instar nymphs. All of the three organophosphate insecticides caused 100 percent mortality in all the durations but the pyrethroid insecticides caused less mortality in R. longifrons which is recorded as 58.14±3.49 and 11.26±1.19 percent mortality in bifenthrin and deltramethrin treated insects respectively and they did not cause 100% mortality even in the 96 hour duration (Table 2). The third instar nymphs also showed similar trend of 100% mortality in the organophosphate treated insects in all the four durations but the pyrethroid insecticide caused only 39.33±3.46% mortality in the 24 hr duration whereas the deltramethrin is completely safe without any mortality in 24 hr duration [15] . The mortality gradually increased to 61.18±3.03 and 23.22±1.1% in the 96 hour duration (Table 3). The results are consistent with earlier research showing that predators are more vulnerable to insecticides during their initial nymphal stages than during their advanced nymphal stages and adult stages (Garzón et al., 2015; Santos et al., 2017) [4,24] . Fourth instar nymphs of R. longifrons are more resistant to insecticides than the first, second and third instar nymphs. Among the three organophosphate treated insects, only quinalphos and chlorpyrifos effected 100% mortality in all the exposure durations. Dimethoate did not cause 100% mortality in any of the durations and the maximum mortality recorded in 96 hr duation is 79.41±2, 73%. The bifentrin cause medium mortality in all the exposure durations whereas deltamethrin is compararively safe and did not cause any mortality in the 24, 48 and 72 hrs exposure durations and caused only 8.11±0.63% mortality in 96 hr. exposure (Table 4). According to Patel (2020) [17] , the Rhynocoris marginatus has the lowest mortality with thiacloprid whereas quinalphos shows the highest mortality and the same increased mortality is also been recorded in the current study and followed by, chlorpyrifos,and dimethoate. Sahayaraj et al. (2020) [22] concluded that neem based insecticides have no impact on R. marginatus. This experiment paves a pathway in which bioproducts have no impact on the predators. Even though, death is not recorded abnormalities were noticed in the digestive tract and of the reduviid predator (Rhynocoris kumarii) when exposed to sublethal doses of dimethoate, methyl parathion, monocrotophos, and quinalphos (George and Ambrose, 2004) [8] . The fifth instar nymphs are more resistant than the earlier nymphs. The quinalphos and chlorpyrifos caused 100% mortality whereas the dimethoate did not cause 100% mortality in any of the exposure durations and the maximum mortality recorded is 53.58±2.39% in the 96 hr. treated category. The bifenthrin also caused less mortality in all the exposure durations and it is 18.18±2.49, 24.56±3.18, 29.72±3.46 and 33.19±4.49% in 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs. Treated category. The deltramethrin is completely a safer insecticide at all the exposure durations (Table 5). According to previous studies investigating the effectiveness of pesticides on three reduviid bug species, similar results were noticed on this examination as among the organophosphorous insecticides methyl parathion and monocrotophos showed highest toxicity while quinalphos and dimethoate exhibit less toxicity (George, 1996) [5] . The adult insects are more resistant than the other instars as they are having wings which protect the insects from insecticide exposure and also they are in the reprductive stage. The organophosphate insects quinalphos and chlorpyrifos caused 100% mortality in adult R. longifrons whereas the dimethoate is safe and it caused 0% mortality in the 24 hrs duration and also only less mortality in the later exposure durations (37.83±5.29% at 96 hr. duration). Both of the pyrethroid insecticides bifenthrin and deltamethrin are completely safe to the aduly R. longifrons and there is no mortality in all the exposure durations (Table 6). Since predators are frequently found close to pests, they are also impacted by direct sprays in addition to the pest insects. The current investigation confirms the findings of Sriraksha et al. (2021) [25] , who claim that quinalphos is extremely toxic to S. collaris than other insectcides which is in line in the case of R. longifrons in both nymphal instars and adults. This study clearly revealed that organophosphorus insecticides were considered to induce more negative impact for all the nymphal instars and adults of R. longifrons and they were not recommended for use as an inevitable part of integrated pest management in which R. longifrons was involved whereas synthetic pyrethroids are considered as safer for the third, fourth, fifth and adult stages of R. longifrons. The study also suggests that the less toxic pyrethroid insecticides are highly effective to the R. longifrons so that it will reduce the development of resistance built by feeding the surviving pest after the application of the selected insecticides. Hence, it is suggested that screening of insecticides is very much important to safe guard the non-target beneficials such as R. longifrons which is proved as an excellent ecofriendly biocontrol agent in various vulnerable insect pests in the agroecosyatem.
| Insecticide | Percentage of mortality | — | — | — |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 Hrs | 48 Hrs | 72 Hrs | 92 Hrs | |
| Quinalphos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Chlorpyrifos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Dimethoate | 0b | 17.19 ±5.42b | 26.31 ± 4.24b | 37.83 ±5.29b |
| Bifenthrin | 0b | 0c | 0c | 0c |
| Deltamethrin | 0b | 0c | 0c | 0c |
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| Insecticide | Percentage of mortality | — | — | — |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 Hrs | 48 Hrs | 72 Hrs | 92 Hrs | |
| Quinalphos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Chlorpyrifos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Dimethoate | 29.62 ±4.19b | 38.62 ±3.38b | 46.43 ±4.12b | 53.58 ±2.39b |
| Bifenthrin | 18.18 ±2.49c | 24.56 ±3.18c | 29.72 ±3.46c | 33.19 ±4.49c |
| Deltamethrin | 0d | 0d | 0d | 0d |
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| Insecticide | Percentage of mortality | — | — | — |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 Hrs | 48 Hrs | 72 Hrs | 92 Hrs | |
| Quinalphos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Chlorpyrifos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Dimethoate | 52.38 ±2.19b | 60.11 ±2.41b | 71.68 ±1.58b | 79.41±2,73b |
| Bifenthrin | 29.16 ±3.43c | 34.48 ±4.46c | 41.76 ±3.01c | 46.26 ±3.12c |
| Deltamethrin | 0d | 0d | 0d | 8.11±0.63d |
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| Insecticide | Percentage of mortality | — | — | — |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 Hrs | 48 Hrs | 72 Hrs | 92 Hrs | |
| Quinalphos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Chlorpyrifos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Dimethoate | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Bifenthrin | 39.33±3.46b | 45.18±4.36b | 53.36±4.84b | 61.18±3.03b |
| Deltamethrin | 0c | 0c | 18.16±2.52c | 23.22±1.19c |
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| Insecticide | Percentage of mortality | — | — | — |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 Hrs | 48 Hrs | 72 Hrs | 92 Hrs | |
| Quinalphos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Chlorpyrifos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Dimethoate | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Bifenthrin | 58.14±3.49b | 65.12±2.46b | 69.38±2.49b | 76.69±3.38b |
| Deltamethrin | 11.26±1.19c | 18.75±2.28c | 27.32±2.51c | 31.13±2.27c |
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| Insecticide | Percentage of mortality | — | — | — |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 Hrs | 48 Hrs | 72 Hrs | 92 Hrs | |
| Quinalphos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Chlorpyrifos | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Dimethoate | 100a | 100a | 100a | 100a |
| Bifenthrin | 71.48±3.53b | 81.28±2.43b | 88.56±3.59b | 100ab |
| Deltamethrin | 33.27±2.23c | 39.68±2.41c | 46.14±1.64c | 53.22±2.92c |
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Acknowledgement
The author is grateful to the management of Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, (KARE) Krishnankoil, Srivilliputhur, Tamilnadu for the extension of institutional facilities.
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