A review on: Effect of dietary chromium and selenium supplementation on phsio-biochemical, antioxidant activity and immune function of Vrindavani cattle exposed to thermal stress

Introduction

India is the country with the largest dairy herd in the world compared to industrialized countries that produce milk (Rhoads et al., 2009) [34] . The vast climatic condition in India influences the adaptive capabilities and immunity of different milch breeds of cow which intern reduces the milk production. During the heat stress animal adopt various biological mechanism to maintain their internal milieu by reducing their feed intake, altered endocrine status and reduction in rumination (Collier et al., 2006) [11] . Antioxidants are added in animal's diets as part of nutritional management to minimize oxidative damage during heat stress (Chauhan et al., 2020) [7] . Now a days a number of feed additives, such as niacin, vitamin A,C, E, selenium (Se) and chromium (Cr) are added in animal's diet to reduce the adverse consequences of heat exposure by preventing oxidative damage in the animals experiencing heat stress (Chauhan et al., 2020) [7] . Selenium (Se) is a dietary trace element which acts as an essential co-factor of glutathione peroxidase and acting as an antioxidant enzyme which is very essential for the animal's productivity. Dietary selenium supplementation has been demonstrated to improve gastrointestinal health, reproductive physiology, and production performance during heat stress (Zheng et al., 2022) [45] . Chromium (Cr) is essential micro mineral which is vital for the metabolism in animals (Lashkari et al., 2018) [21] . Cr plays a crucial role in the cellular breakdown of fat, protein, and carbohydrates and is a very important component of the glucose metabolism and it also act as an antioxidant role. The dietary supplementations of Cr in heat stressed calves helps in maintaining their health and immune system up to some extent.

It is an affective antioxidant that inhibits the lipid peroxidation caused by heat stress and also increases the activity of insulin in tissues which helps in enhancing animal production (Chouraddi et al., 2022) [9] . In this review, we summarized the effect of chromium and selenium feeding on physio-biochemical response, anti oxidant activity and immune function in Vrindavani cattle exposed to thermal stress.

Physiological response status

The various physiological responses like body temperature, heart rate and respiration rate are drastically affected by the fluctuation in the environmental condition. In addition to this these parameters also act as an indicator of severity of environmental stress (Maurya et al., 2020) [25] . The change in rectal temperature by 1 °C have its impact on feed intake of animals. (Ranjitkar et al., 2020) [33] . A heat stress which generally affects the rectal temperature of the animal and also it has negative impact on milk yield and fertility animals (Mousavi et al., 2019) [28] . The response of RT elevated when ambient temperature was higher. Research indicates that heat stress elevates the body temperature cattle's (Kargar et al., 2018) [19] . Studies has indicated that while under heat stress, growing calves and lams have an increased heart rate and rectal temperature (Maurya et al., 2010; Kargar et al., 2018) [23,19] . Mudgal et al (2008) [29] , reported an ameliorative effect of Se and chromium on rectal temperature rise. The Respiration Rate (RR) is very crucial parameters which used to increase during heat exposure (Maurya et al., 2020) [25] . Respiratory rate is an marker of heat stress that is measurable noninvasively (Chrast et al., 2023) [10] . Aleena et al (2020) [1] , reported that in a hot environment, breathing rate of animals increases to dissipate heat form the body and to maintain a normal body temperature. (Djelailia et al., 2021) [15] reported that the reparation rate of cow increases when they are being exposed to elevated temperature. The supplementation of selenium and chromium reduces the respiration rate during summer as compared to nontreated animals (Srikandakumar et al., 2004) [41] . The pulse rate serves as an important indicator of circulatory balance and the overall metabolic state of animals in various environmental conditions (Maurya et al., 2015; Hooda and Upadhyay., 2015) [22,18] . The exposure to heat stress may affects the distribution of blood to peripheral tissues and resulting in increased heat loss through sensible and insensible means respectively (Mohr et al., 2002) [27] . In all exposure environments, PR was much greater in crossbred Vrindavani animals than in Tharparkar cattle, possibly due to an acclimation process of a breed that may able to generate excess heat. Beneficial effect of 1.0 ppm of dietary chromium supplementation in 42 °C ambient temperature exposed a calves was reported by (Yari et al., 2010) [44] . According to reports a selenium dose of 0.3 mg / kg DMI in the male buffalo calve was sufficient to maintain pulse rate under thermal stress (Shinde et al., 2009) [39] .

Stress Hormones status

Heat stress drastically affects the kinetics of various endocrine glands, causing the production of various hormones such as cortisol, thyroxine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline respectively (Djelailia et al., 2021) [15] . The cortisol is a stress hormone produced by adrenal gland and plays a vital role and significant role in immune system (Degen and young 2002) [14] . It has been reported by Shaji et al (2017) [37] , that heat stress stimulates the hypothalamopituitary axis which results release glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands and secretion of cortisol as well. Cortisol is a good biomarker for determining the level of stress in different animals (Chen et al., 2023) [8] . Ghorbani et al (2012) [17] , observed that Se supplementation to stressed transportation stress or birth stress calves decreased blood cortisol. (Raghunandan et al., 2022) [32] reported a decrease in cortisol levels when animal were supplemented with chromium and selenium as compared to non-supplemented animals under thermal stress. The thyroid is responsible for accurately maintaining both body temperature and heat production. Thyroid gland activity varies seasonally and is influenced by surrounding temperature and humidity levels (Maurya et al., 2015) [15] . T3 and T4 hormones are involved in thermogenesis in animals and also act as significant indicator for adaptability of animals during stress (Maurya et al., 2018) [24] . However (Mousavi et al., 2019) [28] reported higher concentration of T3 in heat stressed animal supplemented with Cr and selenium as compared to the nonstressed animals.

Biochemical parameters status

Sejian et al (2012) [36] , reported the considerable decreased the value of albumin and total protein under heat exposure conditions. Garcia et al. (2015) [16] observed that in heat stressed cow experiencing minor dehydration due to reduced feed intake, there was a notable decrease in albumin levels. Al-Saiady et al (2004) [3] , conducted a study on cow supplemented with chromium and found that there was reduction in the total blood proteins and globulins under heat stress conditions. Contrastingly Yadav et at., (2016) [43] , reported an rise in the total protein concentration in dairy cattle under to heat stress condition. Mousavi et al (2019) [28] , supplemented Cr and Se in summer exposed dairy calf and found that the concentration of total protein and albumin was higher in supplemented animal as compared non supplemented calves. The heat stress affects the urea and serum creatinine levels in animals significantly, which also depend upon other factors such as intensity and duration of heat exposure, age, breed and manage mental practices (Saeed et al., 2021) [35] . In one study Bernabucci et al (2010) [4] , reported that crossbred dairy calves exposed to heat stress exhibited higher blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Cr and Se in feeding animal during heat stress condition reduce the blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels (Kargar et al 2018; Alhidary et al., 2015) [19,2] . In addition to this Raghunandan et al. (2022) [32] also reported a decrease level of AST and ALT heat exposed calf as compared to control animals.

Heat Shock Proteins status

Heat Shock Proteins are very important and potent molecular chaperons which help in reducing stress and enhance stress tolerance in farm animals. (Pearl et al. 2008). HSP70 is the most sensitive of all the HSPs and is regarded as a crucial regulator of thermal adaptation in animals under heat stress (Dangi et al., 2014) [13] . HSP70 helps animals adjust to heat stress by promoting correct folding of recently synthesized proteins and restoring denatured proteins to their original condition (Kishore et al., 2014) [20] . Increased HSP70 synthesis cells under heat stress may indicate that HSP70 is involved in reducing the harmful effect of elevated temperature to preserve goat cell structure and equilibrium (Mishra and Palai 2014) [26] . The dietary supplementation Cr and Se reduces the HSP 70 expression in heat exposed cows (Son et al., 2022) [40] . In continuation of previous finding (Parashuramulu et al., 2015) [30] also reported that Cr and Se feeding reduces the HSP 70 expression. HSP-90 is an important molecular chaperon and highly abundant in the endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm and nucleus and is responsible for protein translocation under normal conditions. (Bharti et al., 2017) [5] . It is regarded as a chaperone protein that, in the face of heat stress, preserves cellular integrity and homeostasis (Kishore et al., 2014) [20] . Dangi et al. (2012) [12] reported a higher level of HSP-90 in goat exposed to elevated temperature. In heat-exposed cows, the dietary supplements Cr and Se decrease expression of HSP 90 (Son et al., 2022) [40] . In continuation of previous finding (Parashuramulu et al., 2015) [30] also reported that Cr and Se feeding reduces the HSP 90 expression.

Antioxidants status

Catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and SOD are the primary components of the intracellular antioxidant defense system (Shaji et al., 2017) [37] . The enhanced SOD activity during the summer results in increased production of H 2 O 2 and protection from this ROS would only be conferred by the coordinated elevate in the activity of CAT and GPx (Chandra and Aggarwal, 2009) [6] . According to Sun et al. 2018, GPx activity in calves and dairy cows increase with Dietary Se supplementation. According to Kumbhar et al., 2018, increased SOD activity with Se supplementation have been observed in broilers. During the summer, Tharparkar cattle had the highest total antioxidant activity and catalase (CAT), followed by Sahiwal cattle and then crossbred cattle (Tejaswi et al., 2020) [42] . Found that CAT and T-AOC activities increased in the serum, indicating that Cr and Se supplementation improved the antioxidant capacity of heatstressed dairy cows. (Kargar et al., 2018) [19] reported that Cr and Se feeding to heat stressed Holstein calve increases in the activity of catalase and and T-AOC .

Conclusion

The heat stress drastically affects animal production and reproduction. There is an urgent need to have some strategies so that live stock owner can manage their animal's productive potential during thermal stress. The Chromium and Se supplement could serve as a nutritional strategy to help animals to reduce negative effects on their production performances and health during heat stress period. The Cr and Se restores productive performance, antioxidant profile and immune status up to some extent. Therefore, dietary supplementation of Cr and Se may be used as nutritional strategy to minimize the negative effects of heat stress in Vrindavani cattle.

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