Enhanced of in ova injection of annatto seed extract in administration hatching traits of broiler (Ross 308)

Introduction

Poultry meat is considered one of the most important sources of protein food for the world's population, and the use of antioxidants can improve the productive efficiency of broilers ( [4,5,6,7,3,9] Recently, Hatched chicks are exposed to fasting for a long period that may reach 48-72 hours due to the counting, sorting and vaccination of chicks against diseases, which may expose them to stress, loss of energy and exposure to oxidative stress (Kadhim et al., 2021) [18] , research has focused on the use of natural antioxidants because consumers prefer foods containing natural ingredients rather than synthetic ones due to their health benefits, in addition to improving the nutritional value and quality of meat (Fasseas et al., 2008: Al-jebory et al., 2021) [16,18] . Antioxidants from natural sources have been widely used either in folk medicine or as traditional food ingredients or additives in various recipes (Chan et al., 2011; Shahidi and Ambigaipalan, 2015) [12,21] . Another reason for using natural antioxidants is to avoid carcinogenic substances due to the side effects associated with long-term consumption of some synthetic antioxidants. Annatto is a perennial shrub of the Bixaceae family and the genus Bixa, native to the tropical forests of central and South America and Brazil. Annatto contains thirty-five components, with bixin and norbixin appearing to be the largest components. Bixin is more abundant than norbixin, accounting for 2-5% of the seed, but the content can reach more than 7% of the dry weight of the seeds (Dallorso, 2008) [13] . Other components of Achiote include: acetone, eotene, tomenthosic acid, carotenoids, methyl ester, bixin, apocarotenoids, and orelin. In addition to these compounds, it also contains fatty acids (Enciso et al., 2009) [15] . In the leaves we find: Bixaganene, ishwarano (essential oil) among other mono and flavonoids, 7-apigenin bisulfate, 7-luteolin bisulfate, apigenin bisulfate, and lactones. Carotenoids include: bixin, norbixin, orelin, β-carotene, cryptoxanthin, methylbixin, zeaxanthin, lutein, vitamins (A, B, D), proteins, sugars, cellulose, lipids, calcium, iron, phosphorus, acetone, alkaloids and phytolic acid (Huaman et al., 2009) [17] . In the seeds we find: carotenoids expressed as provitamin A (1000 -2000 IU/g of dry seeds), among which are: bixin, betabixin, methylbixin, norbixin, orelin, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, lutein, and cryptoxanthin. They also contain sodium bixinate, achiotene, tomentosic acid, pectin, proteins, tannins, and a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, ischauran (seed flower essence).

The seeds also contain silica, potash, a high phosphorus content, a low calcium content, and a high protein content that includes adequate levels of tryptophan and lysine, but low levels of methionine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, and threonine (Enciso et al., 2009) [15] . Therefore, the current study aims to inject hatching eggs with aqueous extract of annatto seeds and study its effect on hatching characteristics of broilers.

Materials

This experiment was conducted at Al-Jaflawi Poultry Hatchery from November 22, 2024 to November 25, 2024. to study the effect of injecting hatching eggs with different levels of aqueous extract of annatto seeds on some hatching characteristics of broiler chicks exposed to nutritional fasting. The experimental groups were: T 1 is free, T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 injected with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 ml aqueous extract of annatto seeds / egg in amniotic sac. Exposing chicks to a 12hour feeding fast after hatchery according to (Kadhim et al., 2021) [18] . The traits were measured on the day of hatching, where the hatching characteristics were measured according to (Ajafar et al., 2024) [1] . Glycogen was also measured in the heart, liver and muscles according to (Al-Saeedi et al., 2024). Use the statistical analysis according to the design (CRD) (SAS, 2012: Duncan, 1955) [20,14] and use the mathematical model: Yij = µ + Ti + eij Results and Discussion 1. Hatching traits Noted in table 1: Effect of treatments in hatching percentage the T 4 treatment increase significantly (p≤0.05) on other treatments and T 2 , and T 3 increase compared to T 1 , while in mortality percentage the T 1 treatment increase significantly (p≤0.05) compared injection treatments. Table 2: shown the impact of study in chicks weight, at hatching the T 2 , and T 3 increase significantly (p≤0.05) on T 1 , while at 12 hours after hatching the T 2 , and T 3 increase significantly (p≤0.05) on T 1 , and T 4 , the T 4 increase on T 1 .

Glycogen

Table 3: shown the effect of study in glycogen level of liver, heart, and breast muscle. In liver, the T 3 treatment came height significantly (p≤0.05) compared to T 1 , T 4 , and T 2 , and T 4 increase on T 1 treatment. In heart (table 3) the T 3 treatment was height significantly (p≤0.05) compared to other treatments, T 4 increase significantly on T 1 , and T 2 . At same time in breast muscle, the T 4 treatment was height significantly (p≤0.05) compared to other treatments, while T 2 , and T 3 increase on T 1 treatment. The improvement in hatching characteristics and the improvement in the level of glycogen in the heart, liver and chest muscle of the hatched chicks in the treatments of injection of the aqueous extract of annatto seeds compared to the first treatment may be due to the seeds containing phenolic substances that act as natural antioxidants that improve the hatchability and growth of the chicks, which is reflected in the weight of the chicks upon hatching (Alasalvar et al., 2001) [2] . Annatto seeds also contain high levels of carotenoids of the type's bixin and norbixin, and these two types can be stored in the liver and then can be converted into vitamin A when needed. Vitamin A improves the secretion of thyroxine hormone by acting on the thyroid gland, and thyroxine hormone has an important role in the metabolism of proteins and fats in the feed. In addition, annatto seeds contain active substances of phenolic compounds and flavonoids that enhance antioxidants in the body, which improved the level of glycogen in the body, indicating that they are not exposed to Hatched chicks are stressed (Ambrosio et al., 2006; Braz et al., 2007) [10,11] . The exposure of chicks to fasting is an obvious matter and occurs in the hatchery as a result of waiting for the chicks after hatching to dry and then carrying out the counting and sorting operations, vaccination and transfer to the rearing halls, which exposes them to stress and this affects the immunity of the chicks and the growth rate (Kadhim et al., 2021) [18] . The improvement of the annatto extract injection treatments may be due to the annatto seeds containing tocopherols and tocorinols, which work to develop the immune response and its positive reflection on improving the ratio of heterogeneous cells to lymphocytes, in addition to protecting the cell membrane from oxidation and protecting the active enzyme sites and DNA from free radical damage. Therefore, protecting the cell membranes and not exposing them to oxidation led to an increase in the activity of oxidation enzymes and thus an increase in the number of red blood cells. This increase led directly to an increase in the percentage of hemoglobin and hemoglobin (Ng et al., 2004) [19] .

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