Diversity of eggs from the parent generation (G0) of Kokok Balenggek Chickens

This research aims to examine the variability of Kokok Balenggek chicken (KBC) eggs from the parental generation (G0). Six laying cycles yielded a cumulative total of 160 eggs. We employed an observational research approach using purposive sampling. The observed parameters comprise egg weight, egg index, and eggshell color. The employed data analysis is descriptive statistical analysis, involving the calculation of the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. The research findings indicate that Black hens produced the heaviest eggs (39.73±1.01 g), whereas Lurik hens produced the lightest (36.76±1.53 g). The maximum egg index was observed in Black hens (79.10±1.90%) and the minimum in Jalak hens (75.10±1.59%). The prevailing eggshell color is white. The research concludes that egg weight, egg index, and eggshell color exhibit relative uniformity.

Illustrations explain the paper; charts are replotted from the paper's own table values.

Replotted from source data

↗ Enlarge

Egg Index (%): White hens (N=40) vs Black hens (N=40) vs Jalak hens (N=40) vs Barred hens (N=40)Close ×

Replotted from Table 1 (page 2) of the original paper. Every bar is the paper's own table value.

Open full-size image ↗

Replotted from source data

↗ Enlarge

Egg Weight (g): White hens (N=40) vs Black hens (N=40) vs Jalak hens (N=40) vs Barred hens (N=40)Close ×

Replotted from Table 1 (page 2) of the original paper. Every bar is the paper's own table value.

Open full-size image ↗

Introduction

Kampung chicken is a local chicken prevalent throughout Indonesian communities. Indigenous chickens represent a genetic resource in poultry that requires conservation. KBC is a native chicken breed from Solok Regency, West Sumatra. Extensive research on KBC has been conducted by various researchers, encompassing investigations into the characteristics of crowing sounds (Rusfidra et al. 2014; Rusfidra and Arlina, 2015; Arlina et al., 2020) [14,15,14,2] , assessments of KBC semen and fertility (Ananda et al., 2024) [1] , the viability of KBC as meat chickens (Husmaini et al., 2023) [5] , analysis of sperm quality in KBC (Ananda et al., 2024) [1] , reproductive dynamics of KBC post-artificial insemination (Jaswandi et al., 2023) [8] . KBC is a progeny of the hybridization between the Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and indigenous chickens from the Central Region. We base this hypothesis on the assumption that only G. gallus lives on the Sumatera Island (Nishida et al., 1982; Fumihito et al., 1994) [12,4] . Weigend and Romanov (2001) [17] assert that G. gallus is the progenitor of all contemporary domestic chicken breeds. KBC encompasses the "singing chicken" variety, characterized by a harmonious, multi-layered crowing sound that is enjoyable to hear (Rusfidra and Arlina, 2015) [14] . The Parent generation (G0) constitutes the inaugural generation of the KBC population, attaining sexual maturity at approximately 6 months of age. The objective of the parent generation (G0) is to augment and sustain the KBC population for five to six generations. Eggs are a compilation of nutrients supplied by avian parents for embryonic development into a chick. Eggs consist of three primary components: the eggshell (11%), egg white (57%), and egg yolk (32%). The preservation of KBC is imperative due to the declining numbers in central population centers, as many KBC are being sold outside these regions. Even KBCs with prolonged crowing noises (many syllables) are hardly encountered in their native habitat in Tigo Lurah District, Solok Regency. Furthermore, the KBC population has significantly diminished owing to the emergence of Newcastle disease and the absence of KBC competitions. In light of these circumstances, we must implement measures to conserve the KBC and prevent its extinction. One initiative to ensure the sustainability of KBC is focusing on the diversity of its hatching eggs.

The diversity of eggs is crucial for livestock preservation initiatives, since comprehending this variation aids in the selection of superior breeds and the effective preservation of KBC. Selection may be conducted according to factors including egg weight, egg index, and eggshell pigmentation. This research aims to assess the diversity of KBC eggs. This study's findings aim to furnish researchers and the public with insights into the diversity of KBC eggs, hence aiding in population enhancement and conservation efforts for KBC.

Materials and Methods

This study used a sample of 160 eggs from KBC hens categorized by distinct feather types: White, Black, Barred, and Jalak hens. The male-to-female ratio is 1:5. Eggs were gathered during six distinct phases of collecting KBC eggs. The instruments employed were calipers and a digital scale. A pan mating system of KBC house. Figure 1 illustrates four varieties of female hens utilized as breeders. This research utilizes an observational approach through purposive sampling. The assessed factors include egg weight, egg index, and eggshell color. We determine the weight of the eggs by using a digital scale for measurement. The egg index is the ratio of the width diameter to the length diameter of the egg. Direct observation can determine the eggshell's color. We employ descriptive statistical analysis, which involves calculating the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (Steel and Torrie, 1991) [16] . Kurnianto (2009) [10] classifies the coefficient of variation as follows: low (< 5%), moderate (6-14%), and high (> 15%).

↗ Enlarge

Figure 1Close ×

KBC Female Utilised in This Research

Open full-size image ↗

Original paper figureSource PDF · page 2 ↗

↗ Enlarge

Figure 1Close ×

KBC Female Utilised in This Research

Open full-size image ↗

Original paper figureSource PDF · page 2 ↗

Results and Discussion

Egg diversity is crucial for livestock preservation, as comprehending this diversity aids in selecting superior breeds and effectively conserving KBC. Table 1 presents the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of the eggs from the Kokok Balenggek chicken generation (G0) categorized by feather color.

No.	KBC Strains	Egg Weight (g)	Egg Width (cm)	Egg Length (cm)	Egg Index (%)
1.	White hens (N=40)	37,62±2,35	3,73±0,07	4,80±0,12	78,03±2,70
2.	Black hens (N=40)	39,73±1,01	3,80±0,03	4,81±0,11	79,10±1,90
3.	Jalak hens (N=40)	38,91±3,38	3,70±0,10	4,93±0,06	75,10±1,59
4.	Barred hens (N=40)	36,76±1,53	3,66±0,07	4,87±0,08	75,44±1,54

Table text extracted from the original PDF; superscript letters are shown inline. The original table image is below.

View original table image

↗ Enlarge

Table 1Close ×

Average Eggs Performance of KBC Based On Feather Color

Open full-size image ↗

Original paper tableSource PDF · page 2 ↗

Weight of Eggs

The mean egg weight of KBC is 38.16±4.46 g. Black hens generate the highest average egg weight (39.73±1.01 g), while Lurik hens produce the lowest average egg weight (36.76±1.53 g). The Indonesian National Standard (SNI) states that an optimal egg weight ranges from 36 to 45 grams, indicating that the egg weights obtained from this investigation are satisfactory. Jull (1951) asserts that several genes that affect egg size pass on egg weight from progenitors to their descendants. The research findings are inferior to those of Irawan (2017) [7] , which reported an average weight of KBC eggs at 39.79±2.81 g.

Egg Index

The egg index is the ratio of the egg's width diameter to its length diameter. The maximum average egg width was observed in Black hens (3.80±0.03 cm) and the minimum in Lurik hens (3.66±0.07 cm). The maximum average egg length was observed in Jalak hens (4.93±0.06 cm), while the minimum was recorded in White hens (4.8±0.12 cm). The greatest average egg index was seen in Black hens (79.10±1.90%), while the lowest was recorded in Jalak hens (75.10±1.59%). The research findings indicate that the mean KBC egg index is 76.72±4.30%. The average KBC egg index surpasses the egg index documented by Asifa et al. (2020) [3] for Kampung chickens in Tongkuno District, which was 75.99±5.58%. In comparison to Irawan (2017) [7] research, which reported an average egg index of 76.19±2.10%. Murtidjo (1992) [11] asserted that an optimal egg index falls between 70% and 79%. A greater egg index value signifies a more rounded egg, whereas an elongated egg possesses a diminished egg index. States that the standard range for the egg index is 70 to 74%.

Eggshell Color

The predominant eggshell color in the study is brownish white. In comparison to the findings of Asifa et al. (2020) [3] , village chicken eggs in the Tongkuno and Tongkuno Selatan Districts exhibit three shell colors: white, brown, and cream. Romanoff and Romanoff (1963) categorize chicken eggshell colors into two primary hues: white and brown. Each chicken's genetic makeup determines the variations in hue.

Acknowledgement

Acknowledgment This research was funded by LPPM Universitas Andalas dengan Skema Penelitian Jalur Unggulan Kepakaran sesuai SK. No. 93/UN16.19/KPT/PT.01.00/2024 Tanggal 15 Juli 2024 dan Surat Kontrak Tanggal 17 Juli 2024. No. 370/UN16.19/PT.01.03/PUJK/2024.

1. Ananda J, Rusfidra, Anggraini L, Arlina F. Sperm quality and daily fecal testosterone among six phenotypes of Kokok Balenggek rooster. Int J Vet Sci. 2024;13(4):527536.
2. Arlina F, Rusfidra, Andriano D, Sumatri C. The type and sound diversity of Kukuak Balenggek chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) reared in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 2020;21(5):1914-9.
3. Asifa Y, Nafiu LO, Indi A. Karakteristik telur ayam kampung pada pemeliharaan tradisional di Kecamatan Tongkuno dan Tongkuno Selatan. J Ilm Peternakan Halu Oleo. 2020;2(3):291-299.
4. Fumihito A, Miyake T, Sumi S, Takada M, Ohno S. One subspecies of the red jungle fowls (Gallus gallus gallus) suffices as the matriarcheic ancestor of all domestic breeds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:12505-9.
5. Husmaini, Suhartati L, Rusfidra. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of G0 Kokok Balenggek chicken: the formation of superior local meat-type chicken. Int J Vet Sci. 2023;12(4):554-8. DOI: 10.47278/journal.ijvs/2023.001.
6. Hutt FB. Genetics of the fowl. 1949. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.
7. Irawan S. Identifikasi kualitas telur ayam Kokok Balenggek di UPT Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Andalas. [Skripsi], 2017. Padang: Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Andalas.
8. Jaswandi A, Ananda, Rusfidra, Subekti K, Gusdinal H, Wahyuni RZ, et al. Fertility rate, fertility period, and doc sex ratio of Kokok Balenggek chicken after artificial insemination. Anim Vet Sci. 2023;11(5):795-801. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2023/11.5.795.80 1.
9. Jull MA. Poultry breeding. 1 st Ed, New York: McGrawHill Book Company, 1951.
10. Kurnianto E. Ilmu pemuliaan ternak, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2009.
11. Murtidjo BA. Mengelola ayam buras, Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 1992.
12. Nishida T, Hayashi Y, Hashiguchi T, Mansjoer SS. Distribution and identification of jungle fowl in Indonesia: the origin and phylogeny of Indonesian native livestock (Part III). 1982;85-95.
13. Romanoff AI, Romanoff AJ. The avian egg. 1963. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
14. Rusfidra, Arlina F. A review of "long crower chickens" as poultry genetic resources in Indonesia. Int J Poultry Sci. 2015;13(11):665-9. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2014.665.669.
15. Rusfidra, Tumatra YY, Abbas MH, Heryandi Y, Arlina F. Characterization of number of crow and qualitative marker of Kokok Balenggek song fowl inside a captive breeding farm in Solok Regency, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia. Int J Poultry Sci. 2014;13(6):343346. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2014.343.346.
16. Steel RGD, Torrie JH. Prinsip dan prosedur statistika: suatu pendekatan biometrik. (Terjemahan: Bambang Sumantri), Jakarta: Gramedia, 1991.
17. Weigend S, Romanov MN. Current strategies for assessment and evaluation of genetic diversity in chicken resources. World Poultry Sci J. 2001;57:275-288.