To study the nutrient uptake by mustard (Brassica juncea) as the influence by potassium, sulphur & zinc their content & soil fertility status of soil

Introduction

Indian mustard is one of the most important edible oilseeds rabi crop of North India commonly known as Sarson, Rai or Laha. It belongs to the family Brassicaceae and genus Brassica. It comprises various traditionally grown indigenous species, namely, Toria (Brassica campestris L. var. toria), Brown sarson (Brassica juncea L. var. brown sarson), Yellow sarson (Sinapis alba L. var. yellow sarson), Black mustard (Brassica nigra) and Taramira (Eruca sativa/vesicaria Mill.) which are grown over different parts of the country. Mustard plants are thin herbaceous annuals with yellow flowers and red to brown seeds. Mustard is cultivated for edible oil, condiment, vegetable and animal feed. Mustard contains 35-40% oil which is low in saturated fatty acids and is good source of essential fatty acids (EFA) viz. linolenic acid and linoleic acid. Oil is used for the purpose of cooking, frying, preserving pickles and leaves are used as vegetable. Mustard oil cake is used for cattle feed and as an organic manure due to its high protein and nitrogen content, respectively. Mustard and its derivatives are used in manufacturing of Medicines. It is used as diuretic, emetic, in treatment of inflammatory infections such as rheumatism and arthritis, it also has anti-cancer properties due to presence of antioxidant (tocopherol) in oil and glucosinolates (e.g., indolyl glucosinolate) in seed meal (Kumar, 2012) [8] . India ranks third in terms of area and production of rapeseed-mustard after Canada and China. Globally, the area and production of rapeseed-mustard is 36.81 million hectares and 72.61 million tones, respectively (USDA, 2020). Rapeseed mustard is the second most consumed edible oilseed crop in India, after soybean. India has 6.23 million hectares area under rapeseed mustard and 9.34 million tones production with average productivity of 1499 kg ha -1 , which is about three-fourth of the world's average productivity (1960 kg ha -1 ) (DAC & FW, 2020). Mustard is the main oilseed crop for the Rabi season which is planted on more than 74% area covered under oilseeds. Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Gujarat are the highest sown states of mustard seed accounting for more than 70% of total mustard acreage in the country. In India, mustard is cultivated on about 6.69 mha area with a production and productivity of about 10.11 MTs and 1511 kg ha -1 during 2020-21 (Economic Survey, 2021-2022), respectively. However, in Madhya Pradesh, it is grown on about 7.7 lakh ha area with production and productivity of about 13.1 lakh tones and 1713 kg ha -1 , respectively (Economic Survey, 2021-2022).

Potassium is one of the seventeen nutrients which are essential for growth and development of plants. Mustard is an important oil seed crop of arid and semi-arid region. Potassium required for improving the yield and quality of different crops. Its effect on photosynthesis water use efficiency and plant tolerance to diseases drought and cold as well as for making the balance protein and carbohydrates. Sulphur is an essential secondary plant nutrient and fourth most important nutrient in crop production to increase quality and productivity of mustard next to N, P and K. It is an essential constituent of S-containing amino acids and helps in synthesis of cystine (27% S), cysteine (26% S) and methionine (21% S), as about 90% of sulphur is present in these amino acids (Havlin et al., 2013) [11] . Sulphur is an essential component in the formation of chlorophyll, a constituent of vitamins biotin and thiamine (B1) and iron sulphur proteins called ferredoxins. It also plays a role in activation of various vitamins and enzymes, sulphydryl (SH) linkages, synthesis of oil and protein (Rathore et al., 2015) [1] . It is also a component of glucosinolate and glycosidase enzyme, which are the source of aroma and pungency in mustard oil (Thompson et al., 1986) [4] . Compared to other crops mustard is more responsive to sulphur. Therefore, adequate sulphur availability is very crucial for its productivity. Studies have confirmed that sulphur fertilizer increases the growth, yield and quality of Indian mustard (Singh et al., 2015), (Piri et al., 2011) [5] . Application of sulphur has a significant effect on oil, fatty acids and glucosinolate content in mustard seeds. Sulphur application also has marked effect on soil properties and is used as soil amendment to improve the availability of other nutrients in soil. Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients and plays an important role in various enzymatic and physiological activities of the plant. It is required in small but critical concentrations to allow several key plant physiological pathways to function normally (Mousavi et al., 2011) [3] . It is also essential for photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism and important for the stability of cytoplasmic ribosomes, cell division. As co-factor to enzymes like dehydrogenase, proteinase and peptidase in the synthesis of tryptophan, a component of some proteins and a compound needed for production of growth hormones (auxin) such as indole acetic acid (Brown et al., 1993) [12] . In plants production zinc is one of the most important elements in the carbohydrate metabolism, most enzymes that play a role in carbohydrates metabolism are activated by zinc. In addition, Carbonic anhydrase, Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate and Aldolase enzymes are activated by zinc. These enzymes are active in the chloroplasts and cytoplasm, six-carbon sugar molecule are separated between chloroplasts and cytoplasm by Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and three-carbon sugars molecule in photosynthesis are transported from cytoplasm to chloroplasts by Aldolase. The activity of these enzymes decreased in zinc deficiency condition, resulting carbohydrate accumulated in plants leaves (Taheri et al., 2011) [3] .

Materials and Methods

The present investigation entitled "To Study the nutrient uptake by Mustard (Brassica juncea) as the influence by Potassium, Sulphur & Zinc their content & Soil Fertility status of Soil." was a field experiment which was carried out at Rajaula Agriculture farm, of Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) during Rabi season of 2022-23. The details about the experiment site, soil and climate is described in this chapter together with the experimental design, layout plan, culture practice, particulars of treatments, planting material and techniques employed for the parameters. Tropical region of Madhya Pradesh between 25.148° North latitude and 80.855°East longitude. The altitude of town is about 190-210 meter above mean sea level. The location enjoys extreme winter and summer temperatures with an average maximum and minimum temperature of 46.9 and 4.8. The major precipitation field between Oct. to Jan. The average rainfall of Chitrakoot area was less then 300mm/year since last year rainfall was very scantly. The mean monthly values pertaining to weather parameters viz. temperature, relative humidity and rainfall during the experimental period. The Soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in region. Soil sample (0-15) depths were initially drawn from randomly selected parts of the field before sowing. The quantity of soil samples was reduced about 500 gm through the quartering technique. The soil sample was then subjected to mechanical and chemical analysis to determine the textural class and fertility status the soils were sampled to a depth of 0-30 cm of Soil, air dried and sieved (2mm) for soil analysis. Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils are given in Organic Carbon (%) 0.20 11.

Total Nitrogen (kg ha -1 ) 94.68 12.

Available Phosphorus (kg P2O5 ha -1 ) 16.00 13.

Available Potash (kg K2O ha -1 ) 308.90 14.

Available Sulphur (kg ha -1 ) 26.41 15.

Available zinc (mg kg -1 ) 0.542

The variety of Mustard "Pusha Mahak" was taken for investigation. In the current trail treatments ware arrange in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications having plot size 5x4 mete squre. Amount of Fertilizers are applied @ 80Kg.N, 40Kg.P2 O5 40 Kg.K2O/ha¬-1 15Kg.S 30KgS and 2.5Kg. Zn 5.0 Kg. Zn./ha -1 through Urea, DAP,MOP,SSP and Zinc Oxide. Sowing is done 5 Kg. Seed/ha -1 . The Variety of Mustard "Pusha Mahak" was used and Sown on 19 Oct 2022. Row to Row and plant to plant distance between 40 and 10 respectively. Preparation of experimental field-The field was prepared by ploughing with a tractor drawn disc plough by cross harrowing and planking. The field was leveled and weeds, grasses were removed with the help rake. There after field was investigation as per plan of layout manually. After preparation of land, the experiment was investigation as per treatment combinations, there were 30 plots and the gross size of each plot was 5.0 m x 4.0 m and the net plot size was 4.5 m x 3.5 m.

Application of Fertilizer-After the layout of experimental plot, the fertilizers were weighed and applied in the plots and thoroughly mixed with soil. As per the experimental recommended doses of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Sulphur were applied to all the plots. Recommended dose of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium were applied through Urea, DAP and MOP (80:40:40 kg ha -1 ) whereas Sulphur and Zinc was applied through wet table powder (15, 30 kg S ha -1 and 2.5, 5.0 Kg./ha¬-1 Zn ha -1 ) respectively. Seed and Sowing method-After through mixing organic manures and chemical fertilizer and leveling of soil in experimental plot. The seed sowing was done on 19th Oct. 2022. The sowing of seed in line after making a narrow furrow with the help of pointed wooden stick at different row spacing. The seeds were dropped in the furrow after mixture with fine dust of soil and then after seeds were covered with thin soil layer. The total quantity of seed was required @ 5 kg/ha. The Mustard variety was "Pusa Mahak".

Seed Treatment-To ensure the seeds are free borne diseases, Seeds were treated by thiram 75% WDP 2.0gm/ kg. of Seed.

Thinning and inter cultural operation-After seed germination, the gap filling was done and densely populated seedlings were spaced at the desired plant spacing of 10 cm by thinning out the excess number of seedling in each row.

In addition to this, hoeing and hand weeding were also done twice during the growth period of crop. Irrigation-Two irrigation was given. The crop was grown totally under rain fed condition.

Harvesting-The crop was harvested on 14th Feb., 2023 when it reached to its physiological maturity i.e. when the leaves were turned yellow and more than 70% capsules were full matured to avoid shattering of the crop. Threshing -Threshing of 23th Feb., 2023 plot wise produce was done manually. The seed weight was recorded after sun drying the seed for three days. The straw weight was recorded after deducting the seed weight from the bundle weight. The seed and straw weight thus obtained were converted into quintals per hectare on the basis of net plot size.

Yield

The production of each plot collected separately and packed in bags carefully removing inert matter. The grains of each bag were than weighed and recorded in Kg/net plot and there after calculated as Q/ha -1 and Stover yield was also recorded.

Soil Analysis

Statistical analysis

The data on various parameters will be subjected to statistical analysis by adopting appropriate method of analysis of variance as described by Chandel, S. R. S. (1990). Wherever, variance ratio (calculated 'F' values) was found significant, critical difference (C.D.) values were computed.

Results

Effect of different treatment on nutrient

Nitrogen Uptake by Seed and Stover

The implementation of various nutrient augmentations at increasing levels separately and in combination considerably increased Nitrogen uptake of seed and Stover at harvest of crop during the year (2022-23) and mean analysis. The Nitrogen uptake Kg./ha -1 in seed, Stover and total Nitrogen was considerably assumed by different levels of N,P,K, S and Zn. Through different levels of N,P,K,0,100% of RDF ha -1 with and without S30, Zn5 Kg./ha

Sulphur Uptake by seed and Stover

The data belonging to Sulphur uptake in seed, Stover and total Sulphur uptake (seed + Stover) Kg./ha -1 as convinced by different levels of N,P,K,S,& Zn are exhibit in Table-09. The implementation of various nutrient augmentation at increasing levels separately and in combination considerably increased Sulphur uptake of seed and Stover at harvest of crop. The Sulphur uptake Kg./ha -1 in seed, Stover and total Sulphur was considerably assumed by different levels of N,P,K,S and Zn. Through different levels of N,P,K 0, 100% of RDF Kg./ha -1 with and without S30,Zn5+ Kg./ha -1 registered considerably highest Sulphur uptake (16.18 Kg./ha -1 ) in seed and considerably highest Sulphur uptake (24.45 Kg./ha -1 ) in Stover and (41.26 Kg./ha -1 ) in total Sulphur. The smallest Sulphur uptake of (11.92 Kg./ha -1 ) in seed and (12.42 Kg./ha -1 ) in Stover and (24.34 Kg./ha -1 ) in total uptake of Sulphur were recorded in the control.

Discussion

Impact of N,P,K,S and Zn on the nutrient concentration and its uptake by Mustard crop.

Nutrient Concentration

The implementation of various increasing levels of mineral nutrients considerably affected the N,P,K,S and Zn content in seed and Stover of the crop over control during the year and analysis of mean ( [15] .

Nutrient Uptake

The implementation of various increasing levels of mineral nutrient considerably affected the NP, and K, S and Zinc uptake in seed and Stover of the crop over control during the year and mean analysis (6,7,8,9&10 The increase in uptake of NP,K,S & Zn seems to be associated with increased available with a concomitant increase in crop yield with 100% NPK+30 Kg./ha -1 S+5.0 Kg./ha -1 Zn application (Jat et al. 2013). The increase in uptake of NP,K,S & Zn attributed to the application of 100%NPK+30 Kg./ha -1 S+5.0 Kg./ha -1 might due to vigorous roots grow the resulting in higher absorption in the nutrients from the Soil favorable impact on photosynthesis and metabolic process which augments the production of photosynthates and their translocation to various plant parts including seed & Stover and ultimately increased the uptake of NP,K,S& Zn by Seed and Stover (Upadhayay,2012).Similar results have been also reported by (Saranghem et al. 2008). (Kumar and Trivedi,2012) [8] and (Pachauri et al, 2012). Impact of NP, K,S & Zn on Uptake & quality parameters of Mustard crop.

Conclusion

The current study suggests that the application of Sulphur and Zinc to the soil at rates of 100% NP+30 Kg +5.0Kg/ha, respectively, is highly effective in enhancing the Nutrient content and Nutrient Uptake of the Mustard crop. Therefore, this treatment is practical for farmers.

References

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