Animal drawn multipurpose wheeled tool carriers: A review

Introduction

Agricultural mechanization has played a crucial role in increasing productivity, particularly in regions where traditional manual methods or low-level mechanization using animal traction have been prevalent. One of the most innovative tools developed for smallholder farmers is the Animal-drawn multipurpose tool frame (also referred to as the wheeled tool carrier, MPTC), a versatile piece of equipment designed to reduce labor and enhance efficiency in farming operations. This tool allows farmers to perform various agricultural tasks such as plowing, seeding, weeding, and transportation by using one single frame with interchangeable attachments, thereby reducing the need for multiple single-purpose tools. The concept of animal-drawn tool frames is not new; prototypes were used as far back as 25 years ago in regions such as East Africa, India, and Senegal. These early models had limitations in design and functionality, which limited their widespread adoption. However, recent advancements in design, particularly through research institutions like the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and other organizations, have addressed these shortcomings. The integration of MPTCs into improved farming systems has shown significant promise, especially in semi-arid regions, offering small and medium farmers a low-cost mechanization solution that does not require heavy investment in tractors. Despite these improvements, the adoption of MPTCs has faced challenges. Research shows that many farmers are hesitant to invest in these tools without significant subsidies. Additionally, the full potential of MPTCs in both dryland and irrigated agricultural systems remains underexplored. Studies conducted in regions like India and Brazil have demonstrated that while MPTCs can improve farm efficiency, their time-saving advantages have not always been sufficient to outweigh the costs for many farmers, especially those with small landholdings.

This review evaluates the development, applications, and adoption patterns of animal-drawn multipurpose tool frames across different agricultural systems. It explores the technical, economic, and social factors influencing their use, and considers how these tools can be more effectively integrated into sustainable farming systems to benefit smallholder farmers. By analyzing case studies from various regions, the review will provide insights into the challenges and opportunities surrounding the adoption of M[PTCs.

Advances on animal drawn multipurpose wheel tool carriers Hubbard et al. [1] developed a versatile multipurpose tool carrier, known as the "Versatool," under the Dryland Farming Research Scheme in Botswana. The tool carrier featured an adjustable main frame and tool-mounting frame, which could be positioned at different heights from the ground by sliding the main frame along the wheel axle. The main frame, constructed with a 50 x 50 mm box section, was mounted on 680 mm diameter pneumatic wheels, spaced 1.5 meters apart. Within this frame, a smaller angleiron frame was suspended by four vertical arms. A hand lever, located at the back of the main frame, enabled users to raise or lower the tool-mounting frame with a lift of up to 350 mm. A beam, fitted at the front of the main frame, allowed for angle adjustment, making the tool adaptable for a variety of tasks such as chisel plowing, subsoiling, planting, weeding, and transporting. Jean Nolle [2] developed the a multipurpose tool carrier naming 'Tropicultor' operated by a pair of bullocks, designed for performing on all kind of field operations and providing road transportation. Originally designed in France, the Tropicultor was adapted to local needs at ICRISAT in Hyderabad. Functioning similarly to a tractor, it could handle various field tasks and was also practical for transporting goods. The Tropicultor featured a sturdy frame mounted on two pneumatic wheels, equipped with a beam to attach a bullock yoke. At the rear, the frame included a tool bar where a variety of implements could be attached using simple clamps. Its working depth was adjustable, and a mechanical lifting mechanism allowed the tool bar to be raised and lowered, with a locking device ensuring the implement remained securely in place. Below is a table summarizing its performance across different field operations: Mishra [2] reported that the Samrat-Santi, a bullock-drawn multipurpose implement, was widely used in Saurashtra for cultivating crops like groundnut, cotton, wheat, bajra, jowar, and pulses. The main component, the head piece, had dimensions that ranged from 5.0 to 7.5 cm in diameter and from 90 to 120 cm in length. It was constructed from galvanized iron pipe, with 18 square holes placed at specific locations to enhance its functionality for various field operations. Bansal and Thierstein [4] studied the development and implementation of animal-drawn multipurpose tool carriers (MPTCs), particularly focusing on their contribution to agricultural mechanization in semi-arid regions. The study acknowledged that although MPTCs have been in existence for over 25 years, their adoption remained limited to a few West African countries. The renewed interest in these tools stemmed from their ability to improve timeliness, quality of operations, and efficiency in utilizing animal power for dryland farming. Garg and Devani [5] developed an economical multipurpose tool frame with attachments such as sweeps for tillage, a seed-cum-fertilizer drill, and a cart frame. The tool frame was tested at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) in Bhopal, specifically for cultivating soybean and wheat crops. Results showed the tool frame outperformed conventional tools, delivering nearly double the work output across various operations. Additionally, the cost of operation per unit was lower, yielding significant reductions in human and bullock labor hours. The estimated cost for the tool frame with basic attachments for tillage, sowing, seeding, and transportation was approximately 33% of that of commercial models. Maurya and Devadattam [6] evaluated the performance of an animal-drawn multipurpose tool carrier through four treatments, including the Tropicultor, Krishiratha, a set of improved implements, and indigenous implements as a control. The study found that draft requirements were higher for the Tropicultor and Krishiratha, particularly during ploughing, which posed a challenge for an average pair of bullocks. Additionally, the results indicated no reduction in the overall cost of operation, attributed to the high initial cost of the improved implements tested. Kshirsagar et al. 1984 [7] conducted a study on analysis of animal-drawn Wheeled Tool Carriers (WTCs) in India, particularly examining their role in agricultural operations and transportation. The focus is on their recent development, adoption, and the challenges faced in promoting their use. Key points from there report was as follows:

1. WTCs are designed to perform multiple agricultural tasks and provide transport. Although the concept is not new, WTCs have only been widely manufactured in India in the last five years.

Subsidized Demand:

A large portion of WTCs sold has been through government programs, often with significant subsidies (up to 80%). Private, unsubsidized purchases are rare, making up only 3% of sales. 3. Utilization: There is limited utilization of WTCs, with some farmers using them for traditional practices like plowing and harrowing, while others have adopted the Bed and Broad Furrow (BBF) system. However, most farmers have not adopted these newer systems, and many are not aware of the benefits of the Vertisol Technology package associated with WTCs. 4. Challenges: Farmers in dryland regions, where traditional methods are dominant, are reluctant to invest in WTCs because they don't perceive enough advantage over simpler, cheaper tools. In some cases, even government-purchased WTCs have not been widely used, with many sitting idle in large inventories.

Future Demand:

There is skepticism about WTCs gaining widespread adoption, particularly in dryland areas, unless there are significant price reductions or clearer benefits in crop yields and timeliness of operations. Irrigated areas may present better market prospects.

The report concludes that while there is some promise for WTCs in Indian agriculture, particularly in irrigated areas, the current demand and utilization rates are not encouraging.

It suggests a reassessment in the near future to evaluate long-term prospects and adoption trends. Singh et al. [8] evaluated the feasibility of using an animaldrawn tool carrier for agricultural operations, including transport, with a focus on crop rotations in the Punjab region. Field trials demonstrated that the tool carrier offered a significant advantage in increasing the operational capacity for seeding and weeding in row crops. Results showed that the tool carrier improved the capacity of tillage, sowing, and weeding equipment compared to conventional tools, highlighting its potential to enhance efficiency in regions reliant on animal power.

Lal [9] Conducted study on the development, functionality, and adoption challenges of the animal-drawn wheeled tool carrier (WTC). The study revealed that, despite its potential advantages, the WTC did not gain widespread popularity among farmers. Early adoption was hindered by the tool's inability to provide significant time-saving advantages over traditional single-purpose implements. The WTC was tested in regions such as India and Brazil by institutions like ICRISAT and CPATSA. These trials demonstrated that the WTC, when integrated into improved farming systems, could increase crop production and save time, even for small landholders. However, the cost of the initial investment remained a significant barrier to widespread adoption.

The study emphasized that the WTC could offer superior precision and comfort for both operators and animals compared to traditional tools, but it also highlighted the challenge of convincing farmers to invest in this system, particularly in regions where low-cost traditional implements were more familiar. Chavan et al. [10] developed a power-tiller-driven multipurpose tool carrier capable of supporting various implements, including a seed-cum-fertilizer drill, harrow, cultivator, and ridger, for effective seeding and tillage operations. The tool carrier was built with a 45 mm square tool bar, 1500 mm in length, and included a hitch bracket for rear-side attachment and a 48 mm diameter drawbar, 300 mm long, for front attachment to the power tiller.

Transportation and field operations were facilitated by two 410 mm lugged ground wheels. Implements were mounted on the tool bar using "U" clamps.

For seeding, a seed-cum-fertilizer drill attachment with a trapezoidal hopper was fitted with separate seed and fertilizer compartments and a ground-wheel-driven metering mechanism operated via a chain and sprocket system. A 1500 mm harrow was also designed to attach to the tool bar using tines and clamps, while a cultivator with 240 mm sweeps was mounted for dry tilling. Additionally, a 500 mm ridger was available for creating ridges and furrows, capable of forming raised beds of up to 900 mm in width. Guruswamy et al. [11] evaluated the field performance of a multipurpose wheeled tool carrier (MPW) at the College of Agricultural Engineering, Raichur, focusing on its efficiency in tillage and sowing for rabi sorghum. The study compared the MPW tool carrier with indigenous and improved implements. Results indicated only minor differences in effective field capacity between the MPW tool carrier and traditional implements for ploughing, harrowing, and tilling, with capacities ranging from 0.086 to 0.20 ha/h for both tool types. Field efficiency for the MPW tool carrier ranged between 88.6% and 92.47%, while that of the indigenous and improved implements ranged from 88.69% to 95.14%. This demonstrated that the MPW tool carrier performed comparably to conventional tools in both capacity and efficiency.

Chandegara [12] developed a multipurpose G.I. pipe frame implement designed for various agricultural operations such as tillage, sowing, interculturing, and digging in sandy loam deep soils. The implement consisted of a main frame, beam, and handle with different attachments including cultivator tines, a seed drill furrow opener, interculturing prongs, and digger tines. One of its key features was the ability to adjust the row-to-row distance based on crop requirements, offering flexibility in operations.

During field trials, the multipurpose implement demonstrated superior efficiency compared to traditional wooden implements. It reduced the cost of cultivation to Rs 3,883.49 per hectare, saving Rs 1,561.84 per hectare compared to local implements. Additionally, the investment cost was 52.19% lower than traditional implements. The hourly cost of operating a pair of bullocks was estimated at $1.24. The study also highlighted that the improved implement covered 7.28% more area in sowing operations, with a field efficiency of 89.69%. In groundnut digging, it reduced draft requirements by 33.3% and covered 37.6% more area than the local wooden implement.

The economic analysis revealed that the multipurpose implement provided a cost-effective solution for small-scale farmers, particularly when high initial investment in machinery was a barrier. Overall, the implement proved to be a durable, low-cost, and labor -saving alternative to traditional implements, suitable for various crop operations. Mundeet et al. [13] Developed a groundnut digger suitable for the MAU multipurpose tool carrier, created by the Department of Farm Machinery and Power at Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani. The developed digger was tested on a plot to assess its performance in harvesting the TAG-24 groundnut variety. Its performance was compared with the CIAE Bhopal model and a locally available digger. The MAU digger demonstrated better results, with a field capacity of 0.126 ha/hr, a field efficiency of 80.25%, and an operating speed of 2.1 km/h.

The digger recorded a total pod loss of 8.01% and a digging efficiency of 92%. The cost of operation was found to be Rs.168.30 per hectare for groundnut harvesting. The digger, featuring a V-shaped blade, was designed to minimize soil moisture loss and handle bunch-type groundnut varieties more efficiently. The tests were conducted on a 0.025 ha plot of black cotton soil, with a moisture content of 14.3% at harvest time. The performance was measured based on various factors, including the depth and width of cut, field capacity, efficiency, and pod losses. Soil moisture and bulk density were determined using the oven drying method, and operational speed was measured over a 25-meter distance. The digger's specifications included a 60 cm blade width and a ground clearance of 20 cm. Roy and Tiwari [14] evaluated the work performance of 10 adult dromedary camels using a multipurpose tool carrier for tillage operations. Veerangouda et al. [15] explored the development and evaluation of a power tiller-drawn multipurpose tool carrier at the College of Agricultural Engineering in Raichur, Karnataka. This study concluded that a power tiller-drawn multipurpose tool carrier can efficiently reduce labor, increase operational timeliness, and be cost-effective for small and medium farms, providing an alternative to bullock maintenance and high tractor investment costs Nayak and Verma [16] developed and conducted performance evaluation test of an animal-drawn multipurpose tool carrier (MPT) for tillage and Biasi operations. Conducted at IGKV, Raipur, the research aimed to provide a cost-effective and efficient solution for small-scale farmers by creating a versatile tool carrier that could be used for multiple agricultural tasks, such as ploughing and Biasi operations, in sandy loam soils.

Key findings include

The MPT was tested for its ability to carry different attachments and its ease of use in controlling the animal and adjusting the tool for various operations. The tool was evaluated using local bullocks, and the results showed that the MPT was efficient in both ploughing and Biasi operations, with average field capacities of 0.0958 ha/h and 0.112 ha/h, respectively. The power required for the MPT's ploughing and Biasi attachments was 0.47 and 0.45 kW, with speeds of 2. 13 Gautam, Jogdand, and Nayak [17] developed a multipurpose tool carrier (MPT) specifically tailored to the draught capacity of the local, non-descript bullocks in Chhattisgarh.

The MPT was designed to perform essential agricultural operations like seedbed preparation, secondary tillage, sowing, and weeding.

Key findings from this research included

 Enhanced Field Capacity: The MPT equipped with a cultivator and seed drill attachments achieved field capacities of 0.1385 ha/h for the cultivator and 0.1558 ha/h for the seed drill, allowing a daily operational capacity of 1 ha, which is efficient for small-scale farming.  Cost Efficiency: The operational costs were found to be significantly lower compared to traditional methods, with MPT costs for cultivation and sowing at Rs. 551.54 and Rs. 695.18 per hectare, respectively, versus higher costs with the traditional Tendua plough.  Affordability: The fabrication cost of the MPT with essential attachments was approximately Rs. 7800, making it a feasible option for small and marginal farmers.

The study concluded that the MPT offers an economically viable and operationally efficient tool for small holder farmers, enabling them to perform a range of tasks with reduced labor and cost requirements. Singh and Yadav [18] evaluated the performance of an animal-drawn multipurpose seed cum fertilizer drill (MPT) developed for direct sowing of paddy. The study was conducted at the research farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur, during the kharif season. The performance of the MPT drill was compared with a conventional seed cum fertilizer drill.

Key findings included

 The recommended seed rate was 76.80 kg/ha, achieved at a 10 mm fluted roller exposure length and full hopper capacity.  The MPT drill had an actual field capacity of 0.0853 ha/h and a field efficiency of 73.9%.  The draft and power requirements for the MPT drill were 53.7 kgf and 0.4 hp, respectively.  In terms of energy input-output ratio, the MPT drill showed a slightly lower energy output compared to the conventional drill, with ratios of 17.47 for MPT and 18.43 for the conventional drill.

The study concluded that although the conventional drill slightly outperformed the MPT in terms of yield and energy efficiency, the MPT drill offered versatility with its ability to attach various implements for different field operations, making it more cost-effective for farmers. Tiwari et al. [19] performed and performance evaluation test on improved multi-purpose tool frame fitted with a planting attachment for maize cultivation in the terraced fields of Sikkim. The research aimed to address inefficiencies in traditional maize planting practices, which typically involved broadcasting seeds followed by planking using traditional wooden tools.

The results demonstrated notable improvements in planting efficiency compared to traditional methods. The tool frame, when attached with a planting unit, achieved a working width of 720 mm and an effective field capacity of 0.088 ha/h in terraces. Under zero-tillage conditions, the same tool frame offered an effective field capacity of 0.079 ha/h, with a field efficiency of 54%. The introduction of this system resulted in significant savings: 26.23% in labor and 17.85% in time compared to traditional practices. Additionally, cost savings were reported to be 33.95% in normal tillage and 26.35% in zero tillage. Ramya et al. [20] Conducted performance evaluation test of the CIAE multipurpose tool carrier, which was tested at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur,. Waghmare and Annasaheb [21] developed A prototype multipurpose tool carrier (MPTC) designed for bullockdrawn operations was developed at Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. This research aimed to address the challenges faced by small and marginal farmers in Maharashtra who rely on draught animals for farm operations.

The MPTC was developed to perform various agricultural tasks, including seed planting, fertilizing, spraying, and intercultivation, with attachments designed for different functions. During testing, the average draft required for the planter cum sprayer and intercultivator was 62 and 58 kg, respectively. The MPTC achieved theoretical field capacities of 0.189 ha/h and 0.32 ha/h with field efficiencies of 88% and 65%. The average speed of operation for the planter cum sprayer was 2.10 km/h, while the three-tyne hoe with furrow opener operated at 1.8 km/h. Weeding efficiency was recorded at 84%. The average seed and fertilizer application rates were 63-67 kg/ha and 92-96 kg/ha, respectively. The implement required only one laborer for operation, and nozzle discharge rates ranged from 195.97 to 197.66 ml/min. This research highlighted the potential of the bullock-drawn MPTC to improve efficiency, reduce labor costs, and provide a cost-effective solution for small-scale farmers. Thajur and Jagadale [22] The research involved developing and evaluating a low-cost, multipurpose tillage tool carrier (MPTC) that could be used with a 5 hp (3.7 kW) power unit.

The MPTC was designed to perform various farming operations such as ploughing, leveling, and other tillage tasks with easy adjustments for row spacing, depth, and width of cut. Field experiments were conducted on different soil moisture levels (6.6%, 12%, and 20%) to assess the performance of the MPTC with a mouldboard plough and horizontal blade.

The results showed that at 20% moisture content, the mouldboard plough performed efficiently, achieving a field capacity of 0.20 ha/h and a field efficiency of 86.6%. The power requirement was 0.8 kW, and the energy consumption was 3.3 kWh/ha. The tool carrier demonstrated good matching with the power unit, offering adjustable settings for various tillage tools. The MPTC provided a lowcost solution for small farmers by allowing the use of multiple tools with a single frame, reducing the need for separate implements. James and Arya [23] developmed a Multipurpose Tool Carrier for Homestead Agriculture performing multiple farming operations with a single engine by incorporating a brush cutter engine as the power source, the tool carrier was designed to perform tasks such as weeding and earth auguring, which are critical for homestead agriculture. Field tests demonstrated that the developed tools were highly effective, showing significant improvements in weeding efficiency and fuel consumption compared to manual methods. For instance, the vegetable weeder achieved an impressive 86.23%weeding efficiency, and the earth auger was able to dig 8 pits per minute. These findings were indicative of the tool's ability to reduce labor-intensive farming tasks and increase operational efficiency. The cost analysis further validated the practicality of the tool carrier. With a 35%lower cost than similar market products, the multipurpose tool carrier offered an affordable alternative for small farmers who otherwise lacked access to such machinery. This made the tool carrier particularly suited to the economic constraints of Kerala's small landholders. Shindkar [24] Designed and fabricated a manually operated, multi-purpose agricultural machine aimed at enhancing efficiency for small to medium farms by consolidating key tasks like ploughing, sowing, and pesticide spraying into a single unit. Conducted at the Dnyanshree Institute of Engineering and Technology in Satara, India, the research sought to create a cost-effective, labor-saving tool that reduces reliance on external resources like fuel and electricity. Key components included a chassis with adjustable heights, seed and fertilizer trays, and a spraying mechanism. The machine operates bidirectionally, using a belt drive mechanism for the seed feeder and a pump for spraying, which activates when moving backward.

Key Findings

 The machine, with its multi-attachment design, can effectively perform operations traditionally requiring multiple tools, thereby saving time and reducing labor costs.  The equipment was found to be easily assembled, dismantled, and maintained, making it accessible for small-scale farmers.  The design promises economic benefits by reducing energy costs and improving productivity with a tool that can be managed manually on uneven terrain.

This multi-purpose agricultural machine provides a practical, low-cost solution aimed at supporting smallholder farmers in achieving better productivity through integrated functionality.

Advantages of MPTC

Animal-drawn multipurpose wheeled tool carriers (MPTCs) offer several advantages, especially for small and mediumscale farmers who rely on animal power for agricultural operations. Here are the key benefits: Overall, MPTCs are valuable for small-scale farming, but their limitations can make them less efficient or practical for large-scale, intensive, or highly specialized agricultural operations.

Conclusion

The research on animal-drawn multipurpose tool carriers (MPTCs) demonstrates their critical role in improving agricultural efficiency, particularly for smallholder and traditional farms in regions with limited mechanization. Studies across different models and regions highlight MPTCs' effectiveness in performing essential farming tasks such as ploughing, harrowing, sowing, and weeding through a single adaptable frame, which reduces the need for multiple, single-function tools and saves on labor and operational costs. For instance, research in Maharashtra showed that MPTCs can enhance field capacity and operational efficiency, with comparable field capacities and efficiencies to indigenous implements, while offering significant cost savings in operation and maintenance. The studies underscore the advantages of MPTCs in increasing seeding and weeding capacity, as seen in Punjab, and in handling diverse soil types and terrains in regions like Uttarakhand and Raichur, Karnataka. Additionally, ergonomic improvements, such as operator seating and depth control, have been noted to reduce operator fatigue and improve the adaptability of MPTCs for various farming conditions. Despite these advantages, certain limitations persist. Studies pointed out higher draft requirements in some models, notably during primary tillage, which may strain draught animals over extended use. Additionally, the initial costs of improved MPTCs may offset their operational savings for some farmers. Seasonal dependence and physical demands on both the animals and operators also limit the year-round utility and effectiveness of MPTCs, particularly in regions with challenging climates or heavy soil types.

Further investigations, such as those conducted on MPTCs integrated with battery support or powered attachments, reveal that these designs can augment the operational speed and reduce draft requirements, thereby improving overall productivity and field efficiency. Overall, MPTCs provide a sustainable, low-cost alternative to mechanized tools, especially suited for small-scale agriculture. They increase efficiency, reduce reliance on manual labor, and offer a practical solution in low-resource settings. The future of MPTCs lies in refining designs to further decrease energy demands, improve durability, and incorporate ergonomic and technological enhancements, ensuring they continue to support the productivity and wellbeing of smallholder farmers worldwide.

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