Unlocking the potential of water soluble and specialty fertilizers: Farmer awareness, attitudes, satisfaction, and challenges

Introduction

The adoption of Water Soluble and Specialty Fertilizers (WSF and SF) is being hailed as a transformative step in modern agriculture. These fertilizers are lauded for their precise nutrient management capabilities, which lead to enhanced crop yields, superior produce quality, and overall boosted agricultural productivity (Anonymous, 2020) [1] . The nutrient efficiency of WSF and SF ensures that plants receive the necessary nutrients directly at the root zone, minimizing wastage and environmental impact (Singh & Sharma, 2018) [3] . This is particularly beneficial in water-scarce regions, as these fertilizers can be efficiently administered through micro-irrigation systems, thereby conserving water and improving irrigation efficiency. Despite these advantages, several barriers hinder the widespread adoption of WSF and SF. The high costs associated with these fertilizers and the substantial initial investment required for micro-irrigation equipment like drip systems, motors, and borewells pose significant challenges, especially for small and marginal farmers (Yadav & Kumar, 2020) [5] . These financial constraints often prevent farmers from realizing the longterm benefits of these advanced fertilizers. Additionally, technical issues such as clogging in drip systems and a lack of adequate guidance and technical information further complicate adoption. Farmers need comprehensive support, including training on the proper use of WSF and SF and how to prevent and manage clogging issues in irrigation systems (Tiwari & Gupta, 2019) [4] .

Nevertheless, the market potential for WSF and SF remains substantial. Progressive farmers, who are quick to adopt new technologies, have already acknowledged the benefits of these fertilizers and are leading the way in their use. The increased emphasis on sustainable agricultural practices and the growing demand for high-quality produce are expected to further drive market growth (Ayyappan, 2015) [6] . Companies in the WSF and SF market are continually innovating and launching new products to establish their prominence. They are expanding production capacities and global reach, which aids the popularity and demand for these fertilizers in agricultural regions worldwide. In India, the market for WSF has grown significantly, from a mere 10,000 tonnes in the early 2000s to 300,000 tonnes in 2021. Key drivers for this growth include the exponential increase in the area under drip irrigation, the need for improved nutrient delivery efficiency, and constraints related to power and labour availability in rural areas (Jat, 2011) [8] . Recognizing the importance and benefits of WSF and SF in achieving goals like doubling farmers' incomes through reduced cultivation costs and increased returns, it becomes evident that these fertilizers offer a sustainable solution to the issue of indiscriminate fertilizer use (Anonymous, 2021) [2] & Tandon, 2012) [9] . However, challenges such as low awareness among farmers, unavailability of these fertilizers, and lack of technical guidance have limited their reach. The recent advancements in the water-soluble and specialty fertilizer industry necessitate a study on farmers' perceptions to understand the market changes, adoption levels, and constraints faced at the ground level. This research aims to address these issues and support the growing population's needs by understanding farmers' perspectives in the Eastern dry zone of Karnataka. The objectives include analysing farmers' awareness and attitudes towards WSF and SF, assessing their satisfaction levels, and identifying the constraints faced and suggestions for improvement.

Methodology

This study dives into understanding farmers' perspectives on water-soluble and specialty fertilizers, particularly their awareness, attitudes, satisfaction levels, and the constraints they encounter. Conducted in Karnataka's Chikkaballapur and Kolar districts, the research involved personal interviews with 80 vegetable and flower growers spread across four taluks. Random selection was used to choose farmers, ensuring a broad representation. Data collection happened in March and April 2022, focusing on fertilizer management practices. The ex-post-facto research design was apt for examining existing phenomena, as it allows for a systematic look at ongoing or past occurrences without manipulating variables. This method was chosen because the researcher had no control over the independent variables, which were inherent and unmodifiable. From each district, two taluks were selected using random sampling, and 20 farmers per taluk were interviewed to gather detailed insights into their fertilizer management practices. Additionally, 10 retailers from each district were also interviewed to understand the market dynamics of these fertilizers. The respondent selection followed a random sampling method, targeting vegetable and flower growers without any specific criteria. Personal interviews provided relevant data during March and April 2022. This ex-post-facto research design enabled a systematic empirical inquiry into phenomena that had already occurred or were ongoing, giving a real-world perspective on the use and perception of these fertilizers. To achieve the study's objectives, descriptive statistics and Garrett's ranking method were employed for data analysis. These techniques provided in-depth insights into farmers' awareness, attitudes, satisfaction levels, and the constraints they face in adopting water-soluble and specialty fertilizers. By using this comprehensive methodology, the study aimed to offer a thorough understanding of the factors influencing the adoption and use of these fertilizers in the eastern dry region of Karnataka. Through this approach, the study not only highlights the challenges and benefits associated with WSF and SF but also sheds light on practical solutions and strategies to enhance their adoption, ultimately leading to more sustainable agricultural practices and increased productivity.

Results and Discussions Awareness of farmers towards water soluble fertilizers and speciality fertilizers

The Table 1 highlights the awareness levels of farmers regarding water-soluble fertilizers (WSF) and specialty fertilizers (SF). The findings revealed that all 80 surveyed farmers were aware of both types of fertilizers, indicating a 100% awareness rate. This high level of awareness suggests that farmers are well-informed about the usage, advantages, and functioning of these fertilizers. The data further categorized awareness into three levels: low, medium, and high. It was found that 45% of the farmers had high awareness, 32.5% had medium awareness, and 22.5% had low awareness. The mean awareness score was 1.275, with a half standard deviation of 0.635. Several factors contribute to the high awareness levels among farmers. Primarily, the effectiveness of WSF and SF in improving crop yield and quality, along with their efficiency in reducing labor costs, makes them highly attractive to farmers. Additionally, the long-term use of these fertilizers has provided farmers with practical experience, further enhancing their understanding and awareness. Private dealers and advertisements have also played a crucial role in spreading awareness, educating farmers about the benefits and proper usage of WSF and SF, leading to higher adoption rates. The study further classified the awareness levels into three categories using mean and standard deviation as observed in Table 2. It was observed that 22.50% of farmers had low awareness, likely due to lower educational backgrounds and the complexity of the technical information. On the other hand, 45% of farmers exhibited high awareness, benefiting from previous years of experience and the technical knowledge provided by dealers and advertisements. This classification highlights the need for targeted educational programs to bridge the awareness gap. Simplifying technical information and making it more accessible to farmers with lower educational backgrounds is essential. The high awareness levels among farmers indicate a positive trend towards the adoption of WSF and SF. However, the presence of a significant proportion of farmers with low awareness underscores the need for targeted educational programs. These programs should focus on simplifying the technical information and making it more accessible to farmers with lower educational backgrounds. Moreover, the role of private dealers and advertisements in spreading awareness underscores the importance of collaboration between agricultural extension services and the private sector. By working together, they can ensure that accurate and comprehensive information reaches all farmers, thereby promoting the widespread adoption of these advanced fertilizers. The study demonstrates that farmers are generally well-aware of the benefits and usage of water-soluble and specialty fertilizers. The high levels of awareness are driven by the effectiveness of these fertilizers, practical experience, and the efforts of private dealers and advertisements. However, to achieve even greater adoption rates, it is essential to address the awareness gaps among farmers with lower educational backgrounds. Targeted educational initiatives and continued collaboration between public and private sectors will be crucial in promoting the sustainable use of WSF and SF, ultimately contributing to improved agricultural productivity and sustainability. This approach not only supports farmers in achieving better yields but also contributes to the broader goal of sustainable agriculture, ensuring food security for the growing global population. Their direct interaction and established trust with farmers are likely the reasons behind this preference. Local cooperatives, with a mean score of 62.40, also play a crucial role due to their accessibility and the trust they've built within the community. Hoardings and advertisements, with a mean score of 50.55, came in third. The visually appealing and targeted nature of these advertisements helps in reaching a broader audience, making them effective in conveying information about fertilizers. Farmer meetings, friends, and relatives also play a part in information dissemination, with scores of 49.40 and 41.05, respectively. These informal channels are vital for the exchange of information within the community, emphasizing the role of personal networks. Krishi melas, though ranked last with a mean score of 39.35, provide valuable exposure to new technologies and practices. These agricultural fairs allow farmers to interact with experts and learn about the latest advancements. The study underscores the multifaceted approach farmers use to gather information, combining both formal and informal sources. Personal interactions, community support, and mass communication are all crucial in ensuring farmers have access to reliable and comprehensive information, allowing them to make informed decisions and adopt innovative solutions for improved productivity and sustainability. Lastly, the cost-effectiveness of WSF and SF is the least convincing factor, with a mean score of 17.02, highlighting farmers' concerns about their higher costs compared to traditional bulk fertilizers. However, farmers appreciate the yield and quality benefits of WSF and SF, along with their efficiency in nutrient delivery and weed control. However, the perceived higher cost remains a barrier. This suggests a need for continued education and support to highlight the long-term benefits and cost savings associated with these advanced fertilizers. Farmers' trust and experiences with WSF and SF played significant role in their positive attitudes. They see these fertilizers as tools for achieving higher yields and betterquality produce through optimized nutrient intake. Additionally, WSF and SF are viewed as effective in reducing cultivation costs by lowering labour expenses and minimizing weed issues. However, the perception of higher costs remains a barrier. Despite the reduced requirement of fertilizers, many farmers believe that WSF and SF are more expensive than traditional bulk fertilizers. This suggests a need for more education on the long-term cost benefits and efficiencies associated with these advanced fertilizers. WSF and SF are highly valued for their efficiency and effectiveness, greater emphasis on their cost benefits could further enhance their adoption among farmers.

Source of information regarding Water soluble fertilizers and Speciality fertilizers

Farmers' perspective regarding the factors that influenced the adoption of these fertilizers

The perspectives of farmers with regard to purchase of water soluble and specialty fertilizers is being analysed with descriptive statistics and represented in Table 5. Farmers' adoption of Water Soluble and Specialty Fertilizers (WSF and SF) is influenced by multiple factors, as shown in Table 5. Positive attitudes towards these fertilizers are prevalent, with 93.75% of farmers expressing trust in their benefits. Progressive farmers are especially inclined to adopt them, with 92.50% doing so. A significant driver of adoption is the ease of application, appreciated by 97.50% of farmers, while higher prices present a barrier for an equal percentage. Technical consultation from dealers and the government is vital, influencing 100% of the farmers.

Similarly, the credibility of the brand and the quality of the product are crucial, with both factors affecting all surveyed farmers. Financial considerations also play a role, with 97.50% of farmers indicating that credit facilities could boost adoption rates. Past experiences with these fertilizers impact 96.25% of farmers' purchasing decisions, while 93.75% believe that easy availability would further encourage their use. Overall, farmers are motivated by the positive outcomes associated with WSF and SF, such as increased yields and reduced labour costs. However, the perceived higher costs remain a concern, underscoring the need for better awareness of the long-term benefits and potential savings these fertilizers offer. Addressing these factors can support broader acceptance and usage among farmers, enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture.

Satisfaction level of farmers with regard to water soluble and speciality fertilizers

The satisfaction levels among farmers regarding Water Soluble and Specialty Fertilizers (WSF and SF) are remarkably high, as depicted in Tables 6 and7. According to Table 6, an impressive 97.5% of farmers expressed satisfaction with these fertilizers, while only 2.5% reported dissatisfaction. This indicates that most farmers find WSF and SF effective and beneficial for their agricultural practices. Probing into overall satisfaction, Table 7 shows that 31.25% of farmers are satisfied, and a significant 66.25% are highly satisfied with WSF and SF. This strong endorsement reflects the substantial benefits these fertilizers provide. Only a minor fraction (2.5%) remains unsatisfied, underscoring the general approval and acceptance of WSF and SF among the farming community.

The consistently positive experience with these fertilizers is evident from the overall mean satisfaction score of 0.325 and a standard deviation of 0.545. Farmers attribute their high satisfaction levels to improved crop yields, enhanced quality of produce, ease of application, and efficient nutrient management provided by WSF and SF. These factors contribute significantly to their contentment. Moreover, the small percentage of dissatisfaction may be due to specific challenges or unmet expectations, which can be addressed through targeted support and education.

Providing tailored solutions and guidance could help mitigate these concerns and further enhance satisfaction levels. In summary, the overwhelmingly positive feedback highlights the importance of continued support and accessibility to WSF and SF. Ensuring farmers have the necessary resources and knowledge to use these advanced fertilizers effectively will maintain and boost their satisfaction, fostering sustainable agricultural practices and improved productivity. The satisfaction among farmers can largely be attributed to the increased productivity, better quality of produce, higher returns, and reduced labor requirements that Water Soluble and Specialty Fertilizers (WSF and SF) provide. These factors combine to make the farming process more efficient and profitable, leading to high satisfaction levels. However, some farmers express dissatisfaction due to the high costs associated with these fertilizers. They feel that the price does not always justify the results, leading to a perception that the products are overrated. Additionally, issues such as clogging in drip irrigation systems and nonsuitability for certain farming conditions contribute to their dissatisfaction. These challenges highlight the need for better support and tailored solutions to address specific farmer concerns and enhance their overall experience with WSF and SF.

Constraints faced by farmers in using water soluble and speciality fertilizers and to seek farmer's suggestions

Table 8 lists the constraints farmers face when using Water Soluble and Specialty Fertilizers (WSF and SF). The findings indicate that the high cost of these fertilizers is the most significant constraint, with a Garrett mean score of 80.00. This is followed by the high initial investment needed for the equipment to apply WSF, scoring 67.31. Clogging of drip systems (61.68) and lack of guidance (53.00) also rank high among the concerns. The reasons for the above findings could be due to the reason that the water soluble and specialty fertilizers are little costlier than other straight fertilizers and do not come under subsidy. They also require the well-set drip irrigation system, motor, borewell and electricity to run this set-up. This leaves the farmer an impression that the usage water soluble and specialty fertilizer involved high cost and is viewed as a constraint by small and marginal farmers. Clogging of the drip system is another constraint faced by the farmers while using water soluble fertilizers in powder form. For this reason, farmers are showing interest towards the liquid form of these fertilizers which could enable an ease of application to farmers. The suggestions given by the farmers were sale of Water

Conclusion

The study highlights the various dimensions of farmers' awareness, attitudes, and satisfaction regarding Water Soluble and Specialty Fertilizers (WSF and SF). The high levels of awareness and positive attitudes towards these fertilizers are evident, with most farmers appreciating their benefits, including increased yields and improved produce quality. Sources of information like fertilizer dealers and cooperatives play a crucial role in disseminating knowledge. Farmers' adoption of Water Soluble and Specialty Fertilizers (WSF and SF) is influenced by several factors. High costs and the need for significant initial investments in equipment, along with technical issues like clogging, are major constraints. Despite these challenges, the majority of farmers express satisfaction due to increased productivity, better quality produce, and efficient nutrient management. Addressing these constraints through subsidies, training, and credit facilities can enhance adoption rates. Providing technical support and ensuring easy availability will further help farmers overcome barriers, leading to improved agricultural practices and sustainability.

References

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