Performance of rabi pulses in Chhattisgarh: A district level assessment

Introduction

Pulses are an excellent source of vitamins, minerals (including iron), fiber, and protein. In comparison to other protein sources, pulses offer a higher protein content at a lower cost. Pulses contain 20 to 25 percent protein by weight; This is twice wheat's protein content and three times rice's protein content. From the viewpoint of agricultural science, Rhizobium bacteria are found in the roots of leguminous crops and these bacteria stabilize the atmospheric nitrogen in the soil, thereby increasing the fertility of the soil. Generally, nitrogen fertilizers are reduced in the field where leguminous crops are cultivated in the next season. India is the world's second-largest agricultural producer country. The Indian Economic Survey 2020-21 states that 20.2% of India's GDP comes from agriculture, which employs more than 50% of the labor force in the nation. India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world and in terms of production, China, Australia, and South Africa come after India respectively. India produces 25% of the pulses in the world, consumes 27%, and imports 14%. The country exported 775,024.48 metric tons of pulses to

Interest on working capital

The expansions on cash cost items including seeds, manure, fertilizers, chemicals, manpower (both hired and family labor), and the upkeep and repair of machinery and machines rented for operations were all included in working capital, also known as variable cost. We considered the actual prices that the farmers paid for these goods. The interest on variable cost, excluding owned resources like family labor, was also considered as variable cost and was calculated at the rate of 5 percent per annum.

Land revenue

Land revenue paid to the revenue department by farmers was considered.

Depreciation

It is a reduction in an asset's value brought on by use, degradation, accidents, and time deterioration. Depreciation was calculated on fixed capital items, such as agricultural buildings, irrigation systems, and machinery like threshers, but not on tractors or their accessories, which were considered hired things. For smaller agricultural equipment utilized in crop production, depreciation was calculated.

Result and Discussion

Cost of cultivation of moong

In Tables 1; display the total fixed cost of moong on the sampled farm (Rs/ha) and the total variable cost of moong on the sampled farm (Rs/ha). The table shows that marginal farms had lower total costs per hectare than large farms. The total cost per moong was calculated to be 32517.49 (Rs/ha). The cost of cultivation for marginal, small, medium, and big farms was calculated to be 29946.59, 32302.04, 34365.44, and 35414.44 Rs/ha, respectively. The cost of cultivation per hectare showed an increasing tendency as farm size increased. This was caused by the major farmers' increased expenditure on modern farm inputs, such as premium seed, fertilizer, equipment, and hired labor. The greatest cost is borne by human labor rather than hired labor. Large farmers employed plant protection more often than small farms. Furthermore, a large farmer's marginal cost exceeded its entire cost.

Yield value of output and cost of production per quintal

In Table 2; shows the output of yield value per hectare and cost of production per qt. of gram on sample farms. The overall yield of moong was 9.44 qt/ha. The estimated total cost of production was 3449.68 Rs/qt. For marginal, small, medium, and large farms, the cost of production was determined at 3543.97, 3454.76, 3385.76 and 3325.30 Rs/qt, respectively. The total gross income per hectare was Rs 73351.38. For marginal, small, medium, and large farmers, the gross income was 61685.00, 74800.00, 81200.00 and 79875.00 Rs/ha, respectively. The greater yield on large farms but medium farmers have more revenue due to they got higher price than other.

Measures of Farm Profit

In Table 3, sample farms of various sizes had their net income and input-output ratios, calculated per hectare. Net income as a whole was 40833.88 Rs/ha. The overall input-output ratio was 2.42. In comparison to large farmers, small farmers had the highest net income.

Cost and returns on the basis of cost concept

The Cost and returns on the basis of the cost concept in the production of moong on the sample farm of different size groups have been presented in Table 4 6; display the total fixed cost of urd on the sampled farm (Rs/ha) and the total variable cost of urd on the sampled farm (Rs/ha). The table shows that marginal farms had lower total costs per hectare than large farms. The total cost per urd was calculated to be 27385.31 (Rs/ha). The cost of cultivation for marginal, small, medium, and big farms was calculated to be 26278.44, 27358.94, 27978.44 and 29855.44 Rs/ha, respectively. The cost of cultivation per hectare shows an increasing tendency as farm size increased. This was caused by the major farmers' increased expenditure on modern farm inputs, such as premium seed, fertilizer, equipment, and hired labor. The greatest cost is borne by human labor rather than hired labor. Large farmers employed plant protection more often than small farms. Furthermore, a large farmer's marginal cost exceeded its entire cost.

Yield value of output and cost of production per quintal of Urd

Table 7 shows the output of yield value per hectare and cost of production per qt. of gram on sample farms. The overall yield of urd was 7.40 qt/ha. The estimated total cost of production was 3709.79 Rs/qt. For marginal, small, medium, and large farms, the cost of production was determined as 3864.48, 3773.65, 3519.30 and 3487.78 Rs/qt, respectively. The total gross income per hectare was Rs 60493.84. For marginal, small, medium, and large farmers, the gross income was 50320.00, 61625.00, 67575.00 and 67624.00 Rs/ha, respectively. The greater yield on large farms generates higher revenue the other groups of farmers.

Measures of Farm Profit

In Table 8, sample farms of various size had their net income and input-output ratio, calculated per hectare. Net income as a whole was 33108.53 Rs/ha. The overall inputoutput ratio was 2.45. In comparison to large farmers, medium farmers had the highest net income.

Cost of Cultivation of Lathyrus

Tables 11; display the total fixed cost of lathyrus on the sampled farm (Rs/ha) and the total variable cost of lathyrus on the sampled farm (Rs/ha). The table shows that marginal farms had lower total costs per hectare than large farms. The total cost per lathyrus was calculated to be 12178.07 (Rs/ha). The cost of cultivation for marginal, small, medium, and big farms was calculated to be 10302.88, 11598.63, 13678.88 and 12864.38 Rs/ha, respectively. The cost of cultivation per hectare shows an increasing tendency as farm size increased. This was caused by the major farmers' increased expenditure on modern farm inputs, such as premium seed, fertilizer, equipment, and hired labor. The greatest cost is borne by human labor rather than hired labor. Large farmers employed plant protection more often than small farms. Furthermore, a large farmer's marginal cost exceeded its entire cost.

Yield value of output and cost of production per quintal of Lathyrus

Table 12 shows the output of yield value per hectare and cost of production per qt. of gram on sample farms. The overall yield of lathyrus was 7.23 qt/ha. The estimated total cost of production was 1681.59 Rs/qt. For marginal, small, medium, and large farms, the cost of production was determined 1597.35, 1619.92, 1808.32 and 1649.28 Rs/qt, respectively. The total gross income per hectare was Rs 26400.14. For marginal, small, medium, and large farmers, the gross income was 22575.00, 26492.00, 27972.00 and 28080.00 Rs/ha, respectively. The greater yield on large farms generates higher revenue than the other groups of farmers.

Measures of Farm Profit

In Table 13, sample farms of various size had their net income and input-output ratio, calculated per hectare. Net income as a whole was 14222.07 Rs/ha. The overall inputoutput ratio was 2.18. In comparison to large farmers, small farmers had the highest net income.

Cost and returns according to CACP of Lathyrus

The Cost and returns based on the cost concept in the production of Lathyrus on the sample farm of different size groups have been presented in Table 14

Conclusion

It was found that the overall cost of cultivation for Moong was Rs 32517.49/ha. For marginal, small, medium, and big farms, the costs of cultivation per hectare was Rs 29946.59, 32302.04, 34365.44 and 35414.44, respectively. Overall moong yield was 9.44 qt/ha. An estimate of the overall production cost per unit was Rs. 3449.68. The cost of production for marginal, small, medium, and large farms was Rs 3543.97, 3454.76, 3385.76 and 3325.30/qt respectively. There was Rs 73351.38 as the overall gross income per hectare. The gross income per hectare was Rs 61685.00 for marginal, Rs 74800.00 for small, Rs 81200 for medium, and Rs 79785.00 for large farmers. The net income of moong was Rs 40833.88/ha. The overall ratio of input to output was 2.25. The highest net income was earned by medium farmers as compared to other farms. Overall costs for the sample farms were Rs. 21379.56, 21379.56, 21841.24, 26341.21, 28017.49, 32517.49 and 35769.24 per hectare, respectively. Costs A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, and C3 were also included. The overall income over the various costs, or income over Cost A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, and C3, was Rs. 51971.82, 51971.82, 51510.13, 47010.13, 45333.88, 40833.88, and 37582.13 per hectare, respectively. The overall cost of cultivation for Urd was found Rs 27385.31/ha. For marginal, small, medium, and large farms, the costs of cultivation per hectares was Rs 26278.44, 27358.94, 27978.44 and 29855.44, respectively. Overall urd yield was 7.40 qt/ha. An estimate of the overall production cost per quintal was Rs. 3709.79. The cost of production for marginal, small, medium, and big farms was 3864.48, 3773.65, 3519.30 and 3487.78 Rs/qt., respectively. There was Rs 60493.84 as the overall gross income per hectare. The gross income per hectare was 50320.00 Rs/ha for marginal, 61625.00 Rs/ha for small, 67575 Rs/ha for medium, and 67624.00 Rs/ha for large farmers. The net income of urd was 33108.53 Rs/ha. The overall ratio of input to output was 2.20. Large farmers earned the highest net income as compared to other farm sizes. Overall costs for the sample farms were Rs. 16603

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