Adoption of improved black rice (Chak Hao) production practices by farmers in the Imphal east, district of Manipur

A study was conducted in Imphal East District of Manipur during the 2023-2024 period to assess the level of adoption among farmers regarding improved black rice production practices. A total of one twenty respondents were selected for the purpose of the study. The primary data was collected using pre-structured interview schedule and appropriate statistical analysis to obtain the results. It was revealed that majority (50.83%) of the respondents are of middle age group, 26.67 per cent of the respondents were educated up to high school,(53.33%) of the respondents are from joint family, majority (70.83%) of the respondents have hut as their housing pattern, (54.17%) of the respondents are engaged in agriculture 47.50 per cent of the respondents have Rs 50,001 to 1 lakh as their annual income, (55.83%) of the respondents have 1-2 acres of land, 41.67 per cent of the respondents have 10-20 years of farming experience. It was observed that 40.00 per cent of the respondents had low level of mass media exposure, 50.00 per cent of the respondents have medium level extensionist participation/contact, majority (60.00%) of the respondent’s category have medium level to social contact. The study shows that 40.00 per cent of the respondents have medium adoption level towards the improved Black Rice production practices. Age, education, occupation, housing pattern, annual income, land holding, farming experience, mass-media exposure, extension contact and social contact were found positively and significantly correlated with the adoption category of the respondents.

Introduction

Black Rice is a type of rice which is grown in various parts of the countries including Manipur, a state of North East India, where it is known by the name "Chak hao", Chak means rice and "Hao" means delicious, together meaning delicious rice. Since ancient times, people in Asian nations including China, Korea, and Japan have enjoyed black rice. According to reports, black rice exhibits higher levels of antioxidant activity in comparison to white rice. It was thought that black rice, which was extremely rare and exceptional, would extend a king's life and promote good health. In India, black rice is grown in Manipur on small scale by traditional farmers. China is the richest country in the black rice resources (62%) followed by Srilanka (8.6%), Indonesia (7.2%), India (5.1%), Bangladesh (4.1%) and few in Malaysia. So far, they have developed 200 varieties including 52 high yielding varieties. Black Rice has a lot of varieties like Chak hao Poreiton, Chak-hao Amubi, Wairi Chak-hao, Khurkhul Chak-hao, Pong Chak-hao, and Chak-hao Sempak, Chak hao Angoubi, Chak hao Arangbi, among them Chak hao Amubi, Chak hao Angoubi and Chak hao Poireiton were mostly cultivated in the Imphal East District of Manipur. Chak hao is famous for its aroma and nutty flavour and is mostly used in traditional feasts and cultural events from the time immemorial.

Nowadays lots of Chak hao products are manufactured from various factories like 'Taret Foods', Leimalen Foods', in various ways like Chak hao kheer, Chak hao bhujia, Chak hao cake, Chak hao gula, Chak hao cereals, Chak kabok etc. Black Rice is dark-purpled in colour due to the presence of anthocyanin which is rich in antioxidants and poses a variety of health benefits like anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antiobesity etc., Black rice is good for people suffering from diabetes and alzheimer's disease. It helps to protect arteries, controls blood lipid, prevent oxidative DNA damage, reduces cholesterol levels as well as cancer cell invasion and decreases cancer risk/prevent tumors in addition to being a good source of protein, fibre, and vitamin E. The findings of the present study are expecting to help the adoption of Black rice by the farmers in the Imphal East District of Manipur. It will enable us to investigate its appropriate approach to trace out the constrains which lead to the less production of the crop which are very much high in demand. www.extensionjournal.com Sawombung Block was chosen purposively because majority of Black Rice were grown on that area.

Materials and Methods

A pre-tested structured interview schedule directed towards the objectives of the study was developed for primary data collection. The secondary data was obtained from books, journals, research paper, etc. The collected data were classified, tabulated, and analysed according to the objectives. The data presented at Table 2. shows that 49.17 per cent of the respondents has fully adopted the recommended soil type of Black rice cultivation. It shows that majority (59.17%) of the respondents has fully done deep ploughing with the cultivars. It shows that majority (55.83%) of the respondents has fully adopted the suitable sowing time of Black rice cultivation. It shows that majority (56.67%) of the respondents has fully adopted the recommended variety of black rice. It shows that majority (52.50%) of the respondents has not adopted the seed treatment of Black rice cultivation. It shows that 42.50 per cent of the respondents has partially adopted the recommended seed rate of Black rice cultivation. It shows that majority (53.33%) of the respondents has partially adopted the sowing methods recommended for Black rice cultivation. It shows that majority (51.66%) of the respondents has not adopted, the recommended organic fertilizers of Black rice cultivation. It shows that majority (66.67%) of the respondents has not adopted the recommended chemical fertilizers of Black rice cultivation. It shows that majority (51.66%) of the respondents has not adopted the irrigation methods of Black rice cultivation. It shows that majority (60.00%) of the respondents has not adopted proper weed management practices of Black rice cultivation. It shows that majority (71.67%) of the respondents has not adopted the suitable pest control measures of Black rice cultivation. It shows that majority (68.46%) of the respondents has not adopted the disease control measures of Black rice cultivation. It shows that majority (59.17%) of the respondents has fully adopted the recommended days of harvesting of Black rice cultivation. It shows that 40.83 per cent of the respondents has partially adopted the recommended yield of Black rice cultivation. The data presented at Based on the analysis of Table 4 it was observed that several variables, are positively and significantly correlated with adoption of the farmers towards improved Black Rice cultivation. These variables include age, education, annual income, land holding, mass media exposure and social contact. The correlation was found to be statistically significant at a probability level 0.01%. Additionally, occupation, housing pattern, farming experience and extension participation were also positively and significantly correlated with the respondents' adoption, but at a slightly lower probability level of 0.05%.

SL No.	Variables	Correlation Coefficient ‘r’ value
1	Age	0.647225**
2	Education	0.998778**
3	Housing pattern	0.164517*
4	Occupation	0.628619*
5	Annual Income	0.590301**
6	Land Holding	0.728535**
7	Farming Experience	0.296866*
8	Mass Media Exposure	0.654654**
9	Extension participation	0.576557*
10	Social contact	0.989398**

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Association between selected independent and dependent variables.

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S. No.	Statement	Fully adopted F (%)	Partially adopted F (%)	Not adopted F (%)
1.	Sandy loam, clay soil, loamy soil suitable for black rice.	59(49.17)	42(35.00)	19(15.83)
2.	Deep ploughing with the cultivars	69(57.50)	46(38.33)	5(4.16)
3	Sowing time (June-July)	67(55.83)	51(42.50)	2(1.67)
4.	Recommended varieties: Chak hao amubi, Chak hao poireiton, Chak hao angoubi	68(56.67)	52(43.33)	0(0.00)
5.	Seed treatment	29(24.17)	28(23.33)	63(52.50)
6.	Recommended seed rate 20-25 kg- line transplanting 20-25 kg SRI method	34(28.33)	51(42.50)	35(29.17)
7.	Recommended sowing methods: Transplanting, drilling, broadcasting	35(29.17)	64(53.33)	21(17.50)
8.	Organic fertilizer application	20(16.67)	38(31.67)	62(51.66)
9.	NPK doses	12(10.00)	28(23.33)	80(66.67)

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Adoption of Black Rice production practices by the farmers

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Results and Discussions

Results and Discussions

Conclusion

It was concluded that majority of the respondents are of middle age group and attained High School, are from joint family, have hut as their housing pattern, are engaged in agriculture, having Rs 50,001 to 1 lakh as their annual income, have 1-2 acres of land, have 10-20 years of farming experience, low level of mass media exposure, medium level extensionist contact, medium level to social contact, medium adoption level category towards the improved black rice production practices. The factors influencing the adoption of the farmers towards improved black rice production practices were age, education, occupation, housing pattern, annual income, land holding, farming experience, mass media exposure and extension participation and social contact, which were directly correlated with knowledge towards Black Rice production practices.

Figures and tables from the paper

Sl. No.	Independent variables	Category	Frequency	Percentage
1.	Age	Below 35 years	23	19.17
		(36-55) years	62	50.83
		Above 55 years	36	30.00
2.	Education	Illiterate	20	16.67
		Primary	21	17.50
		High School	32	26.67
		Intermediate	25	20.83
		Graduate& above	22	18.33
3.		Hut	84	70.83
		Semi-cemented	24	40.00
		Cemented	11	9.17
4.	Occupation	Agriculture only	65	54.17
		Agriculture+ Business	45	37.50
		Agriculture+ Service	10	8.33
5.	Annual Income	Up to 50,000	25	20.83
		50001-1,00000	57	47.50
		Above 1,00000	38	31.67
6.	Land Holding	Up to 1 acre	21	17.50
		1.01-2.00 acre	67	55.83
		Above 2.00 acre	32	26.67
7.	Farming Experience	Below 10 years	27	22.50
		10-20 years	50	41.67
		Above 20 years	43	35.83
8.	Mass media exposure	Low (7-10)	48	40.00
		Medium (11-13)	42	35.00
		High (14-17)	30	25.00
9.	Extension participation	Low (5-6)	22	18.33
		Medium (7-8)	60	50.00
		High (9-10)	38	31.67
10.	Social Contact	Low (5-7)	35	29.17
		Medium (8-10)	72	60.00
		High (11-13)	13	10.83

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Socio economic profile of the respondents

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S. No.	Category	Frequency	Percentage
1	Low (18-25)	40	33.33
2	Medium (26-33)	48	40.00
3	High (34-41)	32	26.67
	Total	120	100.00

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Distribution based on level of adoption:

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Adoption of improved Black Rice production practices by the respondents.

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