Adoption behaviour of farmers towards improved Tamenglong orange cultivation practices in Tamenglong District of Manipur

The present study was conducted to ascertain the adoption behaviour of farmers towards improved tamenglong orange cultivation practices in Tamenglong district of Manipur. The Tamenglong Block of Tamenglong District was selected purposively for the present study, descriptive research designed was applied. The primary data was collected from 120 respondents by personal interview which were selected randomly by using pre-structure interview schedule. Adoption of the farmers was measured by asking 15 questions in respect of Tamenglong orange cultivation. Finding showed that 52.50 per cent of the respondents have medium level of adoption of Tamenglong orange cultivation, followed by low level adoption i.e., 26.67 per cent and high-level adoption 20.83 per cent respectively. The relation between profile of the respondents and their adoption about improved Tamenglong orange cultivation practices the co-efficient correlation was revealed that independent variable like age, education, occupation, land holding, farming experience, annual income, mass media exposure, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk bearing capacity and progressiveness are positively and significantly associated with adoption.

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Percentage: Low (25-28) vs Medium (29-32) vs High (33-37)Close ×

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Correlation Coefficient (‘r’ Value): Age vs Education vs Occupation vs Land holding vs Farming experienceClose ×

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Introduction

The Tamenglong orange is also believed to be one of the best qualities of oranges found in the world. This uniques fruits is found only in the Tamenglong district of the state of Manipur. Recently, Tamenglong orange received GI tag (Intellectual property of India, 2020). Tamenglong Orange (Citrus reticulata), a species of mandarin group is unique fruit crop found only in the Tamenglong district of the state of Manipur. It is famous especially for its well-blended sweetness and acidity taste. Usually, each fruit contains 10-14 segments. The segments of the fruit are easily separable and the core is open at maturity. The fruits are loose skinned, smooth surface and orange in colour. The rind is thin and seeds are pointed with light green cotyledons. Tamenglong is not only the largest producer of oranges in Manipur, contributing over 50 percent of the state's annual production of nearly 10,000 to 11,000 metric tonnes, but is also believed that oranges found in Tamenglong are one of the best qualities in the world. Orange is one of the important horticultural crops of Manipur. Manipur is considered to be one of the potential states for citrus genetic diversity since it is adjoining to Myanmar where maximum citrus diversity has been reported. In Manipur, mandarin, different strains of rough lemon and semi-wild Heiribob (Citrus macroptera) are grown. Mandarin orange is grown in different parts of Manipur, but the main centre of orange production is Tamenglong district of Manipur which produces more than 80% of the total orange production of the state. The soil and the climate of Tamenglong hill district which is situated at an elevation of 1,260 m above sea level is favourable for orange growing and almost 40% of the total land mass is under orange cultivation.

Research Methodology

Descriptive research design was followed for this study as it describes the characteristics or phenomenon that is being studied. The study was conducted at Tamenglong block of Tamenglong District, of under Manipur state. Which were selected purposively. Three villages were selected randomly from this block and a total number of 120 respondents were selected through proportionately random sampling method.

Objectives

▪ To find the adoption level of improved Tamenglong orange cultivation practices by the respondents. ▪ To establish the relationship between the selected independent variables with adoption. The above table 2 reveals that majority (66.17%) of the respondents fully adopted recommended land preparation, 24.17% of the respondents does partially adopted and 9.17% of the respondents does not adopted the recommended land preparation. It was observed that majority (59.17%) of the respondents fully adopted suitable soil for Tamenglong orange cultivation, 26.67% of the respondents partially adopted and 14.17% of the respondents does not adopted suitable soil for Tamenglong orange cultivation. It shows that majority (63.33%) of the respondents fully adopted sowing season of Tamenglong orange, 30.00% of the respondents partially adopted and 6.67% of the respondents does not adopted the sowing season time. It reveals that (46.67%) of the respondents partially adopted the propagation of Tamenglong orange, 31.67% of the respondents fully adopted and 21.67% of the respondents does not adopted the planting method. It reveals that (48.33%) of the respondents partially adopted the used of organic fertilizer, 30.83% of the respondents fully adopted and 20.83 per cent of the respondents does not adopted the used of organic fertilizer. It was observed that (49.17%) of the respondents partially adopted the suitable time for pruning, 31.67% of the respondent fully adopted and 19.17% of the respondents does not adopted the time for pruning. It was observed that (45.83%) of the respondents partially adopted the major pest of Tamenglong orange, 40.83% does not adopted and 13.33 per cent of the respondents fully adopted the major pest of Tamenglong orange. It revealed that (40.83%) of the respondent does not adopted the practice of intercultural operation, 25.83% partially adopted and 29.17% of the respondents fully adopted the practice of intercultural operation. It was revealed that majority (50.83%) of the respondents does not adopted the used of irrigation, 33.33% of the respondent partially adopted and 15.83% fully adopted the used of irrigation. It was found that majority (90.83%) of the respondent does not adopted the used of biological control, 9.17% of the respondents partially adopted the used of biological control. It was revealed that majority (81.67%) of the respondents not adopted the used of growth regulator, 15.83 per cent partially adopted, 2.50 fully adopted the used of growth regulator. It shows that majority (69.17%) of the respondents fully adopted the harvested of orange fruits after attaining, 25.00 per cent and partially adopted and 5.83 per cent does not adopted the harvested of orange fruits after attaining. It was revealed that majority (75.83%) of the respondents fully adopted types of harvesting method, 17.50 per cent of the respondent partially adopted and 6.17 per cent of the respondents does not adopted harvesting method. It was observed that (49.17%) of the respondents partially adopted the used of post-harvest technologies, 36.67 per cent does not adopted and 14.17% fully adopted the used of post-harvest technologies. It was found that majority (84.17%) of the respondents fully adopted the harvesting time of Tamenglong orange, 10.83 per cent partially adopted and 5.00 per cent does not adopted the harvesting time of Tamenglong orange. The data presented in [4] . www.extensionjournal.com Progressiveness 0.4264* * = Significant at p = 0.05%, **= Significant at p = 0.01%, NS= Non-Significant

Sl. No.	Statement	Adoption	—	—
		Fully Adopted F %	Partially Adopted F %	Not Adopted F %
1.	Land preparation.	80(66.67%)	29(24.17%)	11(9.17%)
2.	Type of soil.	71(59.17%)	32(26.67%)	17(14.17%)
3.	Sowing season	76(63.33%)	36(30.00%)	8(6.67%)
4.	Planting method.	38(31.67%)	56(46.67%)	26(21.67%)
5.	Type of organic fertilizer used.	37(30.83%)	58(48.33%)	25(20.83%)
6.	Suitable time for pruning.	38(31.67%)	59(49.17%)	23(19.17%)
7.	Major pest.	16(13.33%)	55(45.83%)	49(40.83%)
8.	Practice of intercultural operation.	35(29.17%)	31(25.83%)	54(45.00%)
9.	Proper irrigations.	19(15.83%)	40(33.33%)	61(50.83%)
10.	Biological control.	0(0.00%)	11(9.17%)	109(90.83%)
11.	Type of growth regulator.	3(2.50%)	19(15.83%)	98(81.67%)
12.	Harvesting after attaining.	83(69.17%)	30(25.00%)	7(5.83%)
13.	Harvesting method.	91(75.83%)	21(17.50%)	8(6.67%)
14.	Post harvest technology.	17(14.17%)	59(49.17%)	44(36.67%)
15.	Harvesting time.	101(84.17%)	13(10.83%)	6(5.00%)

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Distribution of respondents based on adoption of improved Tamenglong orange cultivation practices: (N=120)

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Result and Discussion

The data presented in Table 4 revealed that out of eleven independent variables, i.e. age, education, occupation, land holding, farming experience, annual income, mass media exposure, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk bearing capacity, and progressiveness are positively and significantly correlated with adoption of farmers towards improved Tamenglong orange cultivation practices.

Sl. No.	Variables	Correlation Coefficient (‘r’ Value)
1.	Age	0.3084*
2.	Education	0.4569**
3.	Occupation	0.2325*
4.	Land holding	0.3913**
5.	Farming experience	0.3961*
6.	Annual income	0.4673*
7.	Mass media exposure	0.7031**
8.	Innovativeness	0.6958*
9.	Scientific orientation	0.3873*
10.	Risk bearing capacity	0.4020*
11.	Progressiveness	0.4264*

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Table 4Close ×

Association between selected independent variables and

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Conclusion

It is concluded that majority of the respondents had medium level of adoption followed by high and low in respective to the recommended practices. Subsequently all of the selected independent variables were positively significant with the adoption of the farmers towards improved tamenglong orange cultivation practices and Proper training should be given to the farmers for identification of pest and disease and better government support such as subsidies and loan to be provided for a better Cultivation Practices.

Figures and tables from the paper

Sl. No.	Attributes	Characteristics	F	%
1.	Age	Young (Below 35 years)	26	06.67
		Middle (36-55 years)	55	45.83
		Old (Above 55 years)	57	47.50
2.	Education	Illiterate	14	11.66
		Primary School	27	22.50
		High school	30	25.00
		Intermediate	32	26.67
		Graduate and above	17	14.17
3.	Occupation	Agriculture	30	25.00
		Agriculture + Labour	44	36.67
		Agriculture + Business	27	22.5
		Agriculture + service	19	15.83
4.	Land holding	Up to 1 acre	29	24.17
		1 – 2 acres	46	38.33
		Above 2 acres	45	37.50
5.	Farming experiences	Up to 5 years	14	11.67
		6-10 years	10	8.33
		11-15 years	50	41.67
		Above 15 years	46	38.33
6.	Annual income	Up to Rs 50,000	19	15.83
		Rs 50,001 to Rs 1,00,000	53	44.17
		Above Rs 1,00,000	48	40.00
7.	Mass media exposure	Low	46	38.33
		Medium	48	40.00
		High	26	21.67
8.	Innovativeness	Low	48	40.00
		Medium	49	40.83
		High	23	19.17
9.	Scientific orientation	Low	16	13.33
		Medium	53	44.17
		High	51	42.50
10.	Risk bearing capacity	Low	31	25.83
		Medium	45	37.50
		High	44	36.67
11.	Progressiveness	Low	21	17.50
		Medium	51	42.50
		High	48	40.00

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Characteristics of the respondents (N=120)

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Sl. No.	Adoption level	Response	—
		Frequency	Percentage
1.	Low (25-28)	32	26.67
2.	Medium (29-32)	63	52.50
3.	High (33-37)	25	20.83
Total		120	100.00

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Table 3Close ×

Overall adoption level of the respondents towards

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Overall distribution of respondents based on the adoption level of improved Tamenglong Orange cultivation practices

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