Influence of NPK, vermicompost and poultry manure on physico-chemical properties of soil and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L. var MOJAR 310)

Introduction

Soil is a natural resource that plays a critical role in supporting life on Earth and is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, air and a diverse array of microorganisms (Brady and Weil, 2016) [5] . It is the product of biochemical weathering of the parent materials. The formation of soil is influenced by factors like climate, organisms, parent materials, source and time (Belwal and Mehta, 2014) [4] . It is also considered as a non-renewable dynamic resource, comprising of unconsolidated minerals and organic matter including water and air within the uppermost layers of the earth's surface, and plays a crucial role in maintaining the terrestrial ecosystem on which life depends (Andrew et al., 2020) [1] . Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a member of the Brassicaceae family is native to Europe or Asia. It is a most popular root crop grown all over the world. It is grown for its young fleshy tuberous roots which are eaten raw or as a salad or cooked. Radish is a cool season crop and broadly divided into two groups: European or temperate and Asiatic or tropical. The Asiatic varieties although are higher yielders yet poor in quality attributes, whereas, European varieties are small in size, early in maturity and rich in quality parameters (Tripathi et al., 2017) [20] . The radish leaves are rich in minerals and vitamin A (5IU) and vitamin C (14.8 mg per 100 g of edible portion. It supplies a variety of minerals like calcium, potassium, and phosphorus. It has high medicinal value and is prescribed for patients suffering from piles, liver troubles and jaundice (Brar et al., 1972) [6] . Poultry manure has a high amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than manure of other animals (Duncan, 2005). Poultry manure also helps to improve the water holding capacity, aeration and fertility status of soil (Khatri et al., 2019) [7][8] . Organic agriculture practices rely upon recycling of crop residues, animal manure, farm organic residues and wastes etc. In view of higher cost of synthetic fertilizers and its contribution to poor health of soil and water it becomes imperative to go for alternative and cheaper source like organic manures (Kumar et al., 2014) [21] . Applying vermicompost increased soil nitrogen and potassium levels by 33%, 40%, and 67%, respectively.

Intensive farming and imbalanced nutrient addition have led to soil shortage in critical nutrients. To boost production, balanced plant nutrition is crucial, and using organic sources of nutrition can be beneficial (Todawat et al., 2017) [14] .

Materials and Methods

The hottest temperature at the location occasionally descends below 40 °C or 50 °C and can reach 46 °C to 48 °C. The relative humidity ranged from 20-94%. On average, this region receives approximately 1100.00 mm of precipitation each year. The experimental site is 98 meters above sea level, at 25 0 57'N latitude and 81 0 59'E longitude. The experimental region's soil is classed as Inceptisol, with a sandy loam texture (sand content: 61.34%; silt content: 25.06%; clay content: 13.60%). The experiment was carried out using a factorial randomized block design (FRBD), with twenty-seven treatments and three dosages of NPK (0, 50, and 100%), Vermicopmost (0, 50, and 100%), Poultry manure (0,50 and 100). Three replications of the treatment were conducted. There were 81 plots in all. During the Rabi season, Radish is sown in 2 × 2 m patches spaced 30 x 10 cm apart. Soil samples were collected from each plot before and after the experiment at depths ranging from 0-15 to 15-30 cm using a soil auger. The soil samples were air-dried, passed through a 2 mm screen, and their various soil properties were analysed. Bulk density, Particle density, Pore space and Water holding capacity. M.L. Jackson tested soil pH using a pH meter, and Wilcox measured electrical conductivity (EC) with a conductivity meter.

Bulk density

The effect of NPK on bulk density of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minium 1.24 and 1.26 Mg m -3 was found 100% NPK and Maximum 1.28 and 1.30 Mg m-3 was recorded in 0%NPK.The effect of vermicompost on bulk density of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minium 1.24 and 1.26 Mg m-3 was found 100% vermicompost and Maximum 1.28 and 1.29 Mg m -3 was recorded in 0% vermicompost. Similarly, the effect of poultry manure on bulk density of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minium 1.24 and 1.26 Mg m-3 was found 100% poultry manure and Maximum 1.28 and 1.29 Mg m -3 was recorded in 0% poultry manure. The combination effect of NPK and Vermicompost, Vermicompost and poultry manure, NPK and poultry manure on bulk density Mg m-3 Soil was found non-significant the interaction effect of NPK, Vermicompost and Poultry Manure on bulk density of at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth after harvest was also found nonsignificant at 5% Critical difference. It was observed the bulk density of soil was gradually decrease with an increase in dose of different levels of NPK, Vermicompost and Poultry Manure. Vermicompost and poultry manure is also had positive effects on soil physical characteristics, increased aggregate stability and decreased bulk density of the soils. Similar result has been recorded by Bajshya et al., 2013;and Gangwar et al., 2009 [3] . The effect of NPK on Particle density of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found non-significant after crop harvest. The effect of vermicompost on bulk density of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minimum 2.53 and 2.53 Mg m-3 was found 100% vermicompost and Maximum 2.56 and 2.57 Mg m -3 was recorded in 0% vermicompost. Similarly, the effect of poultry manure on bulk density of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found non-significant after crop harvest. The combination effect of NPK and Vermicompost, Vermicompost and poultry manure, NPK and poultry manure on Particle density Mg m -3 Soil was found nonsignificant the interaction effect of NPK, Vermicompost and Poultry Manure on Particle density of at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth after harvest was also found non-significant at 5% Critical difference. It was observed the particle density of soil was gradually increased with an increase in dose of different levels of NPK, Vermicompost and poultry manure. Vermicompost and poultry manure stimulates to influence the microbial activity of soil, increases the availability of oxygen, maintains normal soil temperature, increases soil porosity and infiltration of water, improves nutrient content. Similar result has been recorded by Bajshya et al., 2013;and Gangwar et al., 2009 [3] .

The effect of NPK on Pore space of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found non-significant after crop harvest. The effect of vermicompost on pore space of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minium 41.35 and 40.91 (%) was found 0% vermicompost and Maximum 45.06 and 43.94% was recorded in 100% vermicompost. Similarly, the effect of poultry manure on Pore space of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minium 41.45 and 41.15 (%) was found 0% vermicompost and Maximum 45.59 and 44.29% was recorded in 100% vermicompost. The combination effect of NPK and Vermicompost on Pore space of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found non-significant after crop harvest. The combination effect of NPK and Vermicompost on pore space of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found non-significant after crop harvest. Similarly, the effect of Vermicompost and poultry manure on Pore space of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The 40.32 and 40.19 (%) was found 0% vermicompost and Maximum 44.93 and 45.75% was recorded in 100% vermicompost the interaction effect of NPK Vermicompost and Poultry Manure on Particle density of at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth after harvest was also found non-significant at 5% Critical difference. The maximum pore space of soil for Influence of NPK + VC + PM was recorded 47.493 and 46.591 at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth and the minimum value was 39.897 and 40.100 at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth respectively. The presence of vermicompost and poultry manure in soil may act as a soil conditioner by supplying nutrients to plants, lowering C to N ratio, improving the soil texture, increasing soil porosity and water holding capacity, thereby requiring less tillage and irrigation. It was also observed the pore space of soil was gradually increased with an increase in dose of different levels of NPK, Vermicompost Poultry manure. Similar result has been recorded by Khatri et al., 2019 and Lakra et al., 2017. [7,8,9] .

The effect of NPK on water holding capacity of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found non-significant after crop harvest. The effect of vermicompost on water holding capacity of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minium 41.38 and 40.81 (%) was found 0% vermicompost and Maximum 43.87 and 40.00% was recorded in 100% vermicompost. Similarly, the effect of poultry manure on Pore water holding capacity of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minium 41.33 and 40.93 (%) was found 0% vermicompost and Maximum 44.44 and 43.25% was recorded in 100% vermicompost. The combination effect of NPK and Vermicompost, Vermicompost and poultry manure, NPK and poultry manure on water holding capacity (%) Soil was found non-significant the interaction effect of NPK Vermicompost and Poultry Manure on Particle density of at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth after harvest was also found non-significant at 5% Critical difference. The addition of Vermicompost and poultry manure to the soil increases water-holding capacity and by maintaining evaporation losses to minimum as good adsorbent of atmospheric moisture eventually helps in maintaining the ecology of hydrologic cycle. It was observed the water holding capacity of soil was gradually increased with an increase in dose of NPK, Vermicompost poultry manure. Similar result has been recorded by Khatri et al., 2019 and Lakra et al., 2017 [7, 8, 9] Table 10 Influence of NPK, vermicompost and poultry manure on water holding capacity of at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth after crop harvest.

Influence of NPK

Soil pH (1:2) w/v

The effect of NPK on Soil pH of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minium 7.12 and 7.14 pH was found 100% NPK and Maximum 7.19 and 7.21pH was recorded in 0% NPK. The effect of vermicompost on Soil pH of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minimum7.12 and 7.14 pH (%) was found 100% vermicompost and Maximum 7.21 and 7.23pH was recorded in 0% vermicompost. Similarly, the effect of poultry manure on Soil pH of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minimum 7.14 and 7.16 pH was found 100% vermicompost and Maximum 7.19 and 7.23pH was recorded in 0% vermicompost. The combination effect of NPK and Vermicompost, Vermicompost and poultry manure, NPK and poultry manure on Soil (pH) Soil was found non-significant. the interaction effect of NPK Vermicompost and Poultry Manure on Soil pH of at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth after harvest was also found non-significant at 5% Critical difference. Increasing the rate of organic Manure increases the soil organic carbon these organic carbon releases organic acid and organic acid decrease the soil pH. When increases soil depth soil pH decrease due to decrease in alkanity and this result were confirmed by Singh et al. (2007). The effect of NPK on Soil EC of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minium 0.201 and 0.199 EC was found 0% NPK and Maximum 0.247 and0.226 EC was recorded in 100% NPK. The effect of vermicompost on Soil EC of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The Minimum 0.213 and 0.212 EC was found 0% vermicompost and Maximum 0.222 and 0.206 EC was recorded in 100% vermicompost. Similarly, the effect of poultry manure on Soil EC of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found nonsignificant after crop harvest. The combination effect of NPK and Vermicompost on Soil EC of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The 0.178 and 0.167 EC was found 0% NPK and vermicompost and Maximum 0.256 and 0.238 EC was recorded in 100% NPK and vermicompost. The combination effect of NPK and Vermicompost on Soil EC of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found non-significant after crop harvest. Similarly, the effect of Vermicompost and poultry manure on Soil EC of soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was found significant after crop harvest. The 0.194 and 0.206 EC was found 0% vermicompost and poultry manure and Maximum 0.247 and 0.224 EC was recorded in 100% vermicompost and poultry manure. The interaction effect of NPK Vermicompost and Poultry Manure on Electrical Conductivity of at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth after harvest was also found non-significant at 5% Critical difference. It might due to increase rate of Vermicompost and Poultry manure into soil build up soil organic carbon and soil organic carbon increases soluble salt in soil and when increase in soil depth decreases electrical conductivity. It might due to decrease in soluble salt in sub soil. similar results were recorded by Kansotia et al., (2015).

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgementThe authors like to assist this opportunity to thank to the Hon'ble vice chairtman, HoD, advisor of department soil science and agricultural chemistry, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Utter Pradesh for support in providing research field and essential equipments for my research work.

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