Research article · 2024 · Full text
International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal HusbandryEpidemiological and haemato-biochemical studies in parvo viral infected dogs
Volume 9(1) · Pages 656–659 · DOI: 10.22271/veterinary.2024.v9.i1i.992 ↗
Research areasVirus-based gene therapy researchAnimal Virus Infections StudiesParvovirus B19 Infection Studies
Abstract
Author-writtenThe present study was carried out at Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Gadag, for the period of 1 year (January-2021 to April 2022). Total of 101 dogs were presented with history of vomition, diarrhea, depression & dehydration to the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Gadag during the study period. Out of 101 cases 57 cases were screened positive for Parvoviral infection by using “Anigen Rapid” CPV Ag test kits. Out of these 57 cases 14 cases were selected for the hemato-biochemical study. The pups below the age of 6 months were highly susceptible compare to the adult ones and the more number of cases reported were of Labrador breed. The case susceptibility was comparatively more in male dogs than female ones and the highest incidence was recorded in post monsoon season (October-December). Reduced HB, PCV, Leukocytopemia, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia and elevated levels of ALP and ALT enzymes were observed in the CPV infected cases.
Summary
Source-checkedPlain-language reading of the full paper, prepared with AI and checked against the text. Each point links to the authors' own words.
Why it matters
- Canine parvovirus infection (CPV) is a highly contagious disease in dogs globally that is frequently fatal. View evidence ↗
- CPV gastroenteritis typically manifests as severe vomiting, loss of appetite, and foul-smelling diarrhea, which may contain blood. View evidence ↗
- Puppies are predisposed to CPV due to factors such as lack of immunity, intestinal parasites, and poor environmental conditions like overcrowding and lack of sanitation. View evidence ↗
The question
- The study aimed to investigate the epidemiological patterns and the changes in blood (hematological) and chemical (biochemical) parameters associated with canine parvovirus infection. View evidence ↗
What they did
- Out of 101 dogs presenting with symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea, 57 were confirmed positive for CPV using Anigen Rapid CPV Ag test kits. View evidence ↗
- For the blood analysis, 14 infected dogs and 6 healthy control dogs were selected for sampling. View evidence ↗
- Hematological parameters (Hb, RBC, TLC, PCV, Platelets) and biochemical markers (ALT, ALP) were measured using automated analyzers, with data analyzed via unpaired t-tests. View evidence ↗
What they found
- Puppies under 6 months were the most susceptible to CPV (54.39%), followed by those aged 6-12 months (31.58%) and adults (14.03%). View evidence ↗
- Labradors showed the highest susceptibility to the infection (36.84%), while Golden Retrievers showed the lowest (7.01%). View evidence ↗
- The highest incidence of CPV occurred during the post-monsoon season (October-December) at 42.10%, with the lowest in the pre-monsoon season (8.77%). View evidence ↗
- Infected dogs exhibited marked anemia, characterized by significantly reduced hemoglobin (9.75±0.2 g/dl) and hematocrit (28.9±0.82%). View evidence ↗
- A majority of infected dogs suffered from leukocytopenia (78.57%, mean 3.76±0.17 x10³/μl) and lymphocytopenia (57.14%, mean 18.86±0.73%). View evidence ↗
- Thrombocytopenia was observed in 85.71% of the infected cases, with a mean platelet count of 98.57±3.26 x10³/μl. View evidence ↗
- All 14 infected dogs showed a significant increase in the liver enzymes ALP and ALT. View evidence ↗
What it means
- The authors conclude that CPV is most common in young dogs and during the monsoon season, and that blood and biochemical tests are vital for diagnosis and prognosis. View evidence ↗
Visual summary
3 visualsIllustrations explain the paper; charts are replotted from the paper's own table values.
Epidemiological Risk Factors
AI-generated conceptual illustration (domestic dogs (puppies and adult Labradors)). It explains the idea and does not show study data.
View source evidence ↗
%: <6 monts vs 6 months – 12 months vs >1 year
Replotted from Table 1 (page 2) of the original paper. Every bar is the paper's own table value.
View source evidence ↗
%: Winter (Jan-Feb) vs Pre monsoon (March-May) vs Monsoon (June-Sept) vs Post monsoon (Oct-Dec)
Replotted from Table 4 (page 3) of the original paper. Every bar is the paper's own table value.
View source evidence ↗Figures & tables
From the original paper
Table 1
Table 2
Figure 1
Figure 1
Table 5
Table 3
Table 4
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4Introduction
Canine parvovirus infection (CPV) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of dogs in many parts of the world. Clinical manifestation of CPV gastroenteritis are severe emesis, inappetance, diarrhea, with or without presence of blood and foul smell (Castro et al., 2007 and Sagar et al., 2008) [4,16] . Parvoviral enteritis can be seen in dogs of any breed, age or sex but puppies between 6 weeks and 6 months of age are more prone to the disease (Quinn et al., 2002 and Gaddard et al., 2008) [14,6] . Factors that predispose to parvoviral infection in puppies are lack of protective immunity, intestinal parasites and overcrowded, unsanitary and stressful environmental conditions (Greene, 2006) [5] . The present study was an attempt to study the Epidemiological and hemato-biochemical alterations in canine parvovirus infection.
Materials and Methods
Total of 101 dogs were presented with history of vomition, diarrhea, depression & dehydration to the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Gadag during the study period. Out of 101 cases 57 cases were screened positive for Parvoviral infection by using "Anigen Rapid" CPV Ag test kits. Out of these 57 cases 14 cases were selected for the hemato-biochemical study. 4 ml Blood sample was collected from all the infected dogs (n=14) and also from the healthy control group dogs (n=6) using new syringes and then transferred 2ml each to EDTA vials and serum clot activator vials. The serum was separated through centrifugation for further analysis. The Hematological Parameters (Hb, RBC, TLC, PCV and Platelets) were determined using automated blood cell counter (Beckman Coulter, Coulter diff Ac.T, USA) and biochemical parameters (ALT and ALP) were determined using automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Adiduoplus Biochemestry Analyzer). The differential leucocyte count was performed manually on blood smear stained by Wright-Giemsa staining method. Statistical analysis is done by unpaired "t" test.
Results and Discussion
Total of 101 dogs were presented with history of vomition, diarrhea, depression & dehydration to the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Gadag during the study period. Out of 101 cases 57 cases were screened positive for Parvoviral infection by using "Anigen Rapid" CPV Ag test kits. The pups below the age of 6 months (54.39%) were found to be more susceptible for parvoviral infection followed by 6-12 months (31.58%) age groups and the adult ones (14.03%). similar observations are recorded by Quinn et al. (2002) [14] , Mohammed et al. (2005) [13] , Goddard et al. (2008) [6] . This could be due to due to lack of immunity (Greene, 2006) [5] .
The breed susceptibility was seen more in Labrador breed (36.84%) of dogs followed by German Shepherd (19.29%), Pomeranian (14.03%), Non-descript (12.28%), Doberman (10.52%) and Golden Retriever (7.01%). These changes could be due to the more number of Labrador population in the Gadag district of Karnataka. The sex wise incidence study revealed, male dogs were more prone to the parvoviral infection compare to female. The similar observations are recorded by Haque and Arfa (2012) [7] . This variation in sex wise incidence could be due to more population of male dogs compare to female ones in the district. Seasonal incidence of parvoviral infection was seen more in Post monsoon during October-December (42.10%) season followed by monsoon during the month of June-September (28.07%), Winter during the months of January-February (21.05%) and Pre monsoon during the months of March-May (8.77%). Similar findings were reported by Al-Bayati et al. (2010) [1] who reported high prevalence during September-December months. This could be due to the survivability and growth of virus in cold climate as opined by Mehta et al. (2017) [12] . However contradictory to these findings reported by Mohammed et al. (2005) [13] who reported highest prevalence in May to June months. Hematological examination showed marked anemia with significantly reduced hemoglobin levels of (9.75±0.2) and reduced hematocrit (28.9±0.82). Similar observations were also recorded by Sagar (2005) [17] and Sujata et al. (2012) [19] . The reduced hemoglobin, hematocrit could be due to damages to the capillaries of the intestinal villi (Hoskins and McCaw 1998) [8] , decreased erythropoiesis as CPV directly effects the bone marrow (Boosinger et al., 1982) [3] and loss of blood due to emesis and diarrhea as it's the most common sing of CPV infection (Yadav et al., 2011) [21] . Leukocytopenia (3.76±0.17) was observed in 11 cases (78.57%) and lymphocytopenia (18.86±0.73) was seen in 8 cases (57.14%). Similar observations were also recorded by Goddard et al. (2008) [6] , Sagar et al. (2008) [16] and Sujata et al. (2012) [19] . This could be due to the virus replication in the lymphoid organs resulting in lymphocytolysis (Biswas et al.
2005) [2] and which indicates the presence of more severe form of disease (Mason et al., 1987) [11] . Thrombocytopenia (98.57±3.26 ×10 3 /μl) was observed in 12 cases (85.71%). This was in resemblance to Sujata et al.
(2012) [19] . The Virus-induced thrombocytopenia can occur because of decreased platelet production or as a result of direct action of viruses and/or immuno-logic components on platelets or endothelium (Wilson et al., 1982) [20] . Neutrophilia (61.36±1.21) was recorded in all 14 cases. These observations were similar to reports of Shah et al. (2013) [18] . This could be due to concurrent bacterial infections with parvoviral enteritis as opined by Ramprabhu et al. (2002) [15] . Biochemical evaluation revealed significant rise in the values of ALP and ALT in all 14 cases. These observations were similar to reports of Jacobs et al. (1980) [9] , Macintire and Smith, (1997) [10] and Shah et al. (2013) [18] . Significant rise in alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase could be a result of hepatic hypoxia secondary to severe hypovolemia or the absorption of toxic substances due to loss of the gut barrier as opined by Shah et al. (2013) [18] .
Conclusion
From the above study it is concluded that, the epidemiological data reveals the outbreak of CPV infection in dogs is very common in young dogs and in monsoon season and the hemato-biochemical study plays a vital role in diagnosis of the CPV infected dogs and helps in assessing the possible prognosis of the disease.
Figures and tables from the paper
| Age wise | No. of animals found positive for Parvoviral infection (2021-2022) | % |
|---|---|---|
| <6 monts | 31 | 54.39 |
| 6 months – 12 months | 18 | 31.58 |
| >1 year | 8 | 14.03 |
| Total | 57 |
Table text extracted from the original PDF; superscript letters are shown inline. The original table image is below.
View original table image
| Breed of Animal of mal | No. of animals found positive for Parvoviral infection (2021-2022) | % |
|---|---|---|
| Non descript | 7 | 12.28 |
| German shepherd | 11 | 19.29 |
| Labrador | 21 | 36.84 |
| Pomeranian | 8 | 14.03 |
| Doberman | 6 | 10.52 |
| Golden retriever | 4 | 7.01 |
| Total | 57 |
Table text extracted from the original PDF; superscript letters are shown inline. The original table image is below.
View original table image
| Parameter | Unit | Study Group (n=14) | Control Group (n=6) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hb | g/dl | 9.75±0.2a | 13.75±0.26b |
| RBC | ×106/μl | 4.10±0.17a | 6.12±0.14b |
| PCV | % | 28.9±0.82a | 40.12±1.05b |
| WBC | ×103/μl | 3.76±0.17a | 6.35±0.56b |
| Neutrophils | % | 61.36±1.21b | 56.33±1.22a |
| Lymphocytes | % | 18.86±0.73a | 25.83±1.25b |
| Platelets | ×103/μl | 98.57±3.26a | 190.0±6.82b |
| ALT | IU/L | 163.70±7.03b | 68.18±1.63a |
| ALP | IU/L | 166.10±6.46b | 61.70±11.32a |
Table text extracted from the original PDF; superscript letters are shown inline. The original table image is below.
View original table image
References
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- Biswas S, Charavorty D, Pradhan NR. Clinical and haemato-biochemical changes in Parvo virus infection in dogs. Indian J Vet Med. 2005;25:16-18.
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