Rainfastness, an effective approach for insect pest management: A review

Abstract

The rainfastness of pesticide play a significant role in the effectiveness of pesticides (which includes both active ingredient and other inert material) is affected by its formulations. Dust and wettable powder are more likely to be washed off than emulsion formulations. Fenvalerate, bifenthrin, thiamethoxam and indoxacarb reveals no significant association with rainfall and thereby show rainfastness properties as compared to phosmet with lesser rainfastness. To enhance rainfastness, incorporating additives like wax, methylated seed oil, and non-ionic surfactants can be beneficial. Moreover, the synergistic use of adjuvants such as bifenthrin + plya, AFMNPV + lignin/corn flours/composite and spirotetramat + adjuvants can significantly enhance rainfastness.