Research article · 2019 · Full text
International Journal of Agriculture and NutritionRepellent bioactivity of naturally occurring indigenous Neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss formulations on wheat, Triticum aestivum Linn. (Poaceae) against stored lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)
Volume 1(2) · Pages 31–36 · DOI: 10.33545/26646064.2019.v1.i2a.111 ↗
Research areasInsect Pest Control StrategiesAgricultural pest management studies
Abstract
Author-writtenVarious synthetic insecticides used to control stored pests were applied during the storage period, providing wheat grain protection. At the same time, the hazardous synthetic chemicals effects have several negative consequences for humans and the environment. To discover an eco-friendly alternate method, the repellent activities of different solvent neem formulations ie; Azadirachtin, Neemazal, Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), deoiled neem seed kernel suspension (DNSKPS), neem leaf extract (NLE), Benezene control and absolute control gave 99.77, 99.54, 99.38, 99.38, 99.22, 99.10, 79.25 per cent repellent respectively, those adults R. dominica did not enter into the sacklets containing the treated wheat grains, while in the absolute control, this was about 79.00 per cent. Benzene proved to have a potent repellent effect keeping 99.00 per cent lesser grain borers away from sacklets. So it can be concluded that the Azadirachta indica A. Juss formulations will substantially replace the application of chemical pesticides in the near future to stored-insect pest management.
Summary
Source-checkedPlain-language reading of the full paper, prepared with AI and checked against the text. Each point links to the authors' own words.
Why it matters
- The lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) causes significant economic losses to stored cereals by reducing grain weight, depleting nutrients, and altering physicochemical properties. View evidence ↗
- While synthetic insecticides protect wheat grains, they have hazardous negative effects on human health and the environment. View evidence ↗
- There is a need to develop eco-friendly botanical pesticides to replace harmful synthetic chemicals. View evidence ↗
The question
- The study aimed to evaluate how effective various neem formulations are at repelling the lesser grain borer (R. dominica) and reducing damage to stored cereals. View evidence ↗
What they did
- The researchers tested several neem-based materials, including Azadirachtin, Neemazal, neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), deoiled neem seed kernel powder suspension (DNSKPS), and neem leaf extract (NLE). View evidence ↗
- Neem formulations were prepared at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. View evidence ↗
- The experiment used healthy wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains from Kanpur, dried to a moisture level of 8-10%. View evidence ↗
- Repellency bioassays were conducted using unsexed beetles aged 2-4 weeks exposed to filter paper strips treated with neem products at concentrations of 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm. View evidence ↗
What they found
- Benzene, used as a control, also demonstrated a potent repellent effect, keeping 99.00% of the borers away. View evidence ↗
What it means
- The authors conclude that neem-based natural products are an excellent alternative to synthetic pesticides for managing stored-grain pests. View evidence ↗
Visual summary
2 visualsIllustrations explain the paper; charts are replotted from the paper's own table values.
Neem Repellency Concept
AI-generated conceptual illustration (wheat grains and lesser grain borer beetles). It explains the idea and does not show study data.
View source evidence ↗
Mean percentage of R. dominica repelled when... and 1.0 per cent and more: Azadirachtin vs NSKE vs Neemazal vs DNSKPS vs NLE
Replotted from Table 3 (page 3) of the original paper. Every bar is the paper's own table value.
View source evidence ↗Figures & tables
From the original paper
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4Introduction
More than twenty thousand insect-pest species of field and storage have been reported to destroy about one-third of the world's food production annually among them, highest losses (43 per cent) happen in the developing countries of oriental region. The major pests of stored grain and pulses of the Indian subcontinent have been categorized into two groups namely, on one hand, primary pests are capable of penetrating and infesting intact kernel of grain and have immature stages develop within kernel of grain, i.e., lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), granary weevil, Sitophilus granaries (L.), Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Everts) and the pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), while on other hand, the secondary pests feed on as broken kernels, debris and grain damaged by primary pests, viz., rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (L.), sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), mites, Liposcelis corrodens. Generally, the immature stages of the secondary pest species are found external to the grain. The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is a major pest that damages grains in oriental, Indo-China and Ethiopian regions of world, whereas R. dominica is a worldwide insect pest that feeds on stored seeds (Campbell et al. 1976) [1]. Gravid females lay eggs either singly or in groups in the grain quantity, with several eggs observing together, forming a bundle. First instars are energetic and can be recognized by a terminal median spine at the dorsal surface of the last abdominal segment. First instars come in kernels and carry on immature improvement within grains. There is a number of research on the wheat kernel-huge number by R. dominica first instars lesser grain borer can successfully infest an uncontaminated wheat kerne [l] . There is 8% humidity content is critical for first instars to bore into whole and sound sorghum kernels; the germ is the first point of record on sound kernels.
R. dominica causes cost-effective losses to stored cereals. The destruction occurs due to weight failing by generating frass from injured grains decline of nutrient contents and causing damages and changes in grain physicochemical properties (Jilani and Saxena, 1990) [2] . There are 70-80|% population uses traditional treatments, mainly of the plant source, to treat diseases (Ignatowicz and Wesolowska (1996) [3] . The use of indigenous plants in nutrition products increases the body's natural immunity against several diseases. The botanist is tiresome to develop ecofriendly botanical pesticides in the substitution of harmfully affect the environment and human health. The use of eco-friendly bio-pesticides is acceptance increased. Plant extracts and essential oils have long been used to kill or prevent insects in stored goods (Shah et al., 2016) [4] . Plant extracts of several plants demonstrate significant toxic, fumigant and repellent effects on the adult of R. dominica showing that plant had bioactive compounds (Cheraghi et al. 2016 [5] . Biorational insecticides are good choices for bio-chemical insecticides and proved their repellent efficiency in controlling insect pests. The effective control of R. dominica and other stored-grain pests, with insignificant insecticide use involves an integrated management method related to sanitation, monitoring. Plant extracts and essential oils have long been used as repellent or prevent insects in stored goods (Ahmed and Grainge1986) [6]. Plant extracts of several plants demonstrate significant toxic, fumigant and repellent effects on the adult of R. dominica (Schmutterer 1990; Khan and Marwat, 2004, Isman 2006, Boeke et al. 2013) [7,8,9,10] . Plant components having insecticidal qualities have been reported to be used all over the world because they are handy, less costly, highly effective, and safer for humans and their surroundings. However, these insecticides are frequently related to hazardous residues for the consumer and the environment (Joshi et al., 2019) [11] . Hence, there is an awareness in finding an alternative way for stored products. Plants in the family Meliacea are aromatic herbs with cosmetics and medicinal preparations (Gitahi et al., 2021) [12] . With these backgrounds, this present study was aimed to assess the neem derivatives and products controlling potential against the lesser grain borer, R. dominica (Opiyo et al., 2021) [13] . The aims of this investigations was to evaluate the repellent bioefficacy of certain neem formulations to the pest lesser grain borer, R. dominica and the damage it produced to cereals during the storage period.
Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods
Preparation of plant extracts
Fresh Neem seed kernel, neem (Azadirachta indica L.), plant parts ie; seed kernel, leaf extractives, Deoiled Neem Seed Kernel Powder Suspension, neem products like Azadirachtin, Neemazal formulations were used against R. dominica in the plant products laboratory, Department of Botany, D.B.S. College, C.S.J.M. University Kanpur. The neem materials were collected around the college and university campus. They were washed in running water and kept in laboratory for shade air drying. After drying they were made powder separately by an electric grinder. The extracts were prepared according to (Chandel and Sengar 2018) [14] with minor modifications by using petroleum ether as solvents and soxhlet apparatus. The extractives were filtered through a filter paper (Whatman no. 1) and to evaporate the solvents. The condensed extracts were preserved in tightly corked-labeled bottles and stored in a refrigerator and makes their formulation ie; 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 per cent were prepared at room temperature to eliminate the solvent.
Collection of wheat grains
Healthy wheat, Triticum aestivum (Linn.) grains were purchased from the local market of Kanpur Galla mandi, Kanpur Nagar cleaned thoroughly and sun-dried. The grains were cooled at 8-10% moisture level and stored at room temperature in airtight plastic bag for experimental use.
Mass rearing of lesser grain borers
The lesser grain borer, R. dominica Fabr. was mass-reared in the laboratory at ambient room temperature (28±0.5 o C) in glass jars (47 cm height × 4cm dia). Approximately 200 adults were released in each glass jar containing 500 g of wheat grains and the mouth was closed with a piece of cloth fastened with rubber band to prevent contamination and escape of insect. After oviposition, the adults were separated from the grains by sieving and seeds along with eggs were left in the container for emergence of next generation. The newly emerged adults (1-7days-old) were collected and again allowed for oviposition with new grains in different containers to maintain a stock culture of the test insect. The process was containing for getting enough pest throughout the study.
Repellent Bioassey:
In bioassays, unsexed beetles aged 2-4 weeks were employed. The filter paper strips were exposed to the Neem extractives and neem products and of different concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm against the R.dominica. After the filter paper was kept in the plastic containers into the arms of the olfactometer. Then the control filter paper with Neem Azal was used. After the attachment of all the plastic vials with the arms, ten pairs of newly emerged adults of R.dominca were introduced into the olfactometer and values were calculated by using formula.
𝑁𝑡-𝑁𝑐𝑁𝑡+𝑁𝑐 𝑋 100
Where EPI = Excess Proportion Index Nt = the number of insects in the treated sample; Nc = the number of insects in the control sample side. From Table 2, it is evident that all the neem products at three doses repelled the lesser grain borers from 98.83 to 100.00 per cent, i.e., those adults R. dominica did not enter into the sacklets containing the treated wheat grains, while in the absolute control, this was about 79.00 per cent. Benzene proved to have a potent repellent effect keeping 99.00 per cent lesser grain borers away from sacklets.
| Neem products | Average percentage of R. dominica repelled when extract mixed in parts per 100 parts of seeds (W/W) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5 per cent | 1.0 per cent | 1.5 per cent | Mean % age | |||||
| T1 | TBV1 | T2 | TBV2 | T3 | TBV3 | T | TBV | |
| Azadirachtin | 99.00 | 84.39 b | 99.50 | 86.73 a | 99.66 | 87.33 a | 99.38 | 85.48 |
| NSKE | 99.66 | 87.33 a | 99.66 | 87.33a | 100.0 | 90.00 a | 99.77 | 87.25 |
| Neemazal | 99.00 | 84.39 b | 99.16 | 84.82 a | 99.50 | 86.73 a | 99.22 | 84.93 |
| DNSKPS | 99.3 | 85.35ab | 99.66 | 87.33 a | 99.66 | 87.33 a | 99.54 | 86.11 |
| NLE | 98.83 | 84.39 b | 99.16 | 84.82 a | 99.33 | 85.38 a | 99.10 | 84.56 |
| Absolute control | 79.00 | 62.77 c | 79.00 | 62.77 b | 79.77 | 62.77 b | 79.25 | 62.87 |
| Benezene control | 99.33 | 85.38ab | 99.33 | 85.38 a | 99.50 | 86.73 a | 99.38 | 84.35 |
| S.E. | ±1.33 | ±1.99 | ±2.55 | |||||
| C.D. at 5% | 2.85 | 4.09 | 5.48 |
Table text extracted from the original PDF; superscript letters are shown inline. The original table image is below.
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Result and Discussions
Data depicted from Table 2, that all the neem products at three doses repelled the lesser grain borers from 98.83 to 100.00 per cent, i.e., those adults R. dominica did not enter into the sacklets containing the treated wheat grains, while in the absolute control, this was about 79.00 per cent. Benzene proved to have a potent repellent effect keeping 99.00 per cent lesser grain borers away from sacklets. it is evident from table 3 of TBV that all the neem products at three doses repelled the lesser grain borers from 84.39b to 90.00 per cent, i.e., those adults R. dominica did not enter into the sacklets containing the treated wheat grains, while in the absolute control, this was about 62. Among them, garlic extract acted as feeding deterrent and protected stored grain for up to 135 days. Only 1.65 per cent of seeds were damaged during this time, as compared with 95.56 per cent of the controls [24] . Rhyzopertha dominica is a dynamic pest that attacks various stored grains, rice, wheat, sorghum, and tubers (Jilani et al.1988) [25] . They cause quantity losses, also deteriorating the quality during storage due to their feeding activities. Bowrey et al. (1984) tested neem, lineseed, mustard, castor and mahua cakes, which were tested for their effect on egg laying, infestation and repellent action against Sitophilus oryzae Linn. The result showed that the powder of neem cake was most effective in reducing and minimizing the damage followed by lineseed, mustard, mahua and castor cakes. The repellent property was maximum in both neem and lineseed cake powder followed by mustard, caster and mahua, respectively [26] . Rout (1986) conducted an experiment to test the comparative efficacy of neem, A. indica and Annona squamosa (seed powder) 5 percent (w/w) admixed with stored wheat, significantly reduced the damage by S. oryzae [27] . Tipping et al. (1987) tested the effect of neem kernel extract on S. zeamais. Significant repellency was observed in the 0.1 percent concentration of neem kernel extract [28] . Makanjuola (1989) evaluated seed extract of neem, A. indica 80.00 per cent concentration reduced grain damage of C. maculatus on cowpea and S. zeamaise on maize seed [29] . Similarly, the oil of neem extractives and their products were produced significant repellent activity to number of insect pest (Jotwani et al. (1965), Girish and Jain (1974), Roomi and Ariquiddin (1977), Singh and Kataria (1984), Jilani and Saxena (1990), Chander and Nagender (1999), Tripathi et al. (2000), Negbenebor and Nura. (2020) [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] . Finally, it can be concluded that the natural plant extracts can verify the best alternatives to chemical repellents.
| Neem products | Mean percentage of R. dominica repelled when extract mixed in parts per 100 parts of seeds (W/W) | — | — | — |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neem products | 0.5 per cent | 1.0 per cent | 1.5 per cent | Mean % |
| Azadirachtin | 99.00 | 99.50 | 99.66 | 99.38 |
| NSKE | 99.66 | 99.66 | 100.0 | 99.77 |
| Neemazal | 99.00 | 99.16 | 99.50 | 99.22 |
| DNSKPS | 99.3 | 99.66 | 99.66 | 99.54 |
| NLE | 98.83 | 99.16 | 99.33 | 99.10 |
| Absolute control | 79.00 | 79.00 | 79.77 | 79.25 |
| Benezene control | 99.33 | 99.33 | 99.50 | 99.38 |
| S.E. | ±1.33 | ±1.99 | ±2.55 | |
| C.D. at 5% | 2.85 | 4.09 | 5.48 |
Table text extracted from the original PDF; superscript letters are shown inline. The original table image is below.
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Conclusion
Conclusively, our experiments reveal that the neem products at three doses repelled the lesser grain borers from 98.83 to 100.00 per cent, i.e., those adults R. dominica did not enter into the sacklets containing the treated wheat grains, while in the absolute control, this was about 79.25 per cent. Benzene proved to have a potent repellent effect keeping 99.00 per cent lesser grain borers away from sacklets. So it concluded that natural products, primarily neem-based chemicals offer an excellent alternative to synthetic pesticides.
Acknowledgement
The authors are thank the Principal, D.B.S. College, Kanpur and Dr. J.P. Shukla, Head, Department of Botany, D.B.S. College, Kanpur, India, for providing the necessary facilities to perform the present study. Dr. N.D. Pandey, former Head, Department of Entomology, CSA University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur for rendering their support and help for the completion of this work and manuscript.
Figures and tables from the paper
| Sr. No. | Extracts of plants | Particulars |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Azadirachtin | Neem Product |
| 2. | Neem seed kernel Extracts | NSKE |
| 3. | Neemazal | Neem Product |
| 4. | Deoiled Neem Seed Kernel Powder Suspension | DNSKPS |
| 5. | Neem leaf extracts | NLE |
| 6. | Absolute control | Control |
| 7 | Benezene control | Control |
Table text extracted from the original PDF; superscript letters are shown inline. The original table image is below.
View original table image
| Neem products | Mean % TBV of R. dominica repelled when extract mixed in parts per 100 parts of seeds (W/W) | — | — | — |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neem products | 5% TBV | 1.0% TBV | 1.5% TBV | Mean% TBV |
| Azadirachtin | 84.39 b | 86.73 a | 87.33 a | 85.48 |
| NSKE | 87.33 a | 87.33a | 90.00 a | 87.25 |
| Neemazal | 84.39 b | 84.82 a | 86.73 a | 84.93 |
| DNSKPS | 85.35ab | 87.33 a | 87.33 a | 86.11 |
| NLE | 84.39 b | 84.82 a | 85.38 a | 84.56 |
| Absolute control | 62.77 c | 62.77 b | 62.77 b | 62.87 |
| Benzene control | 85.38ab | 85.38 a | 86.73 a | 84.35 |
| S.E. | ±1.33 | ±1.99 | ±2.55 | |
| C.D. at 5% | 2.85 | 4.09 | 5.48 |
Table text extracted from the original PDF; superscript letters are shown inline. The original table image is below.
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