Correlation coefficient between physico-chemical parameter and benthic macro-invertebrates of Omkareshwar to Barwani in Narmada River M.P. India

Introduction

Macro-invertebrates are most frequently used in bio-monitoring studies because the responses of macro-invertebrates to organic and inorganic pollution have been extensively documented (Thorne., Williams., 1997; Kazanci., Dugal., 2000) [28,6] . They have sensitive life stages that respond to stress and integrate effects of both short-term and long-term environmental stressors (EPA., 1998) and they are important areas for maintaining biodiversity (Meyer et al., 2007; Richardson., Danehy., 2007) [12,20] . The study of benthic macro-invertebrates provides a method to determine the water quality of a stream based on collection and identification of stream-bottom (benthic) macro-invertebrates. This study has been done to water quality assessment using benthic macro-invertebrates. Benthic study in Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh is scare except that of Govindan K., Kashinathan R., Desai BN., 1976 [5] , Rao KS et al., 1985 [19] , Sunny A., Diwan AP., 1991 [27] Sharma S.,and Barkale S 2016 [23] , Sharma S et al., 2007 [25] , Khichi Y and Sharma S., 2017 [9] . The main purpose of this study is to assess the water quality of Narmada river and to suggest the conservative measures to increase the quality of the river.

Materials and Methods

Description of Study Area: The Narmada river is considered as the life line of Madhya Pradesh. The catchment area of the river exists in the States of Madhya Pradesh (86.18%). Benthic Macro invertebrates from four study sites Omkareswer, Mandleshwer, Maheshwer and Barwani of narmada river were studied in every first week of each month for a period of one year that is August 2015 to July 2016.

A Collection, Handling and Preservation of Benthic Fauna:

Collection of sample:-Different methods were employed to collect benthic macro invertebrates from the target habitat. Samples were collected from the deeper profundal zone by using EKman grab and at shallow profundal zone by using Surber sampler following Wetzel (2001) [32] . Quantitative sampling was done by Kick net, Cast net, Gill net and Surber sample.

Identification of Samples

Collected samples were examined under a standard microscope with proper resolution and the fauna was identified using cited taxonomic literature. Samples were assigned to a family /species using taxonomic keys; APHA (2005) [3] , Pennak (2004), Welch (1998), Tonapi (1980) and Needham & Needham (1969).

Correlation analysis

The relation ship between the physico-chemical parameter and fresh water macro-in vertebrate species was calculated by Pearson's correlation coefficient(r) by the help of various software's.

The planktons, macrophytes used as food by macro in vertebrates were studied at the sampling site by using HKH protocol of benthic macroinvertebrate version 15-02-2006.

Habitat study was carried out with the help of protocol multi habitat sampling of benthic invertebrates version Nov-2005.

Observations and result

During the study period (2015-2016), temperature showed low negative correlation with annelid at all the station. Moderate negative correlation with arthopoda at station I,II,IV and low negative correlation at station III. Low negative correlation with mollusca at all the stations. (Table 1,2,3,4

Conclusion

Benthic macro-invertebrates are ecologically important organisms in food webs and are integral in establishing trophic structure of an aquatic ecosystem. They mix the sediments allowing exchange of oxygen, nutrients and pollutants between the water column and the bottom. Because of their inability to escape exposure to changing conditions (relative to more motile aquatic fauna), benthic macro-invertebrates are often used to assess the condition of an aquatic system since they integrate numerous environmental factors over time exceeding those of typical water quality monitoring.

During the study period August 2009 to July 2012, in each station Omkareshwar S-I, Mandleshwar S-II, Maheshwar S-III and Barwani S-IV are collected a several species of benthic macro invertebrates. Most dominant species was Tubifex Tubifex (Oligocheta), Tubifex albicola was less sensitive, Ephemara nadinae (Insecta), Thiara scabra (Gastropoda) was less sensitive. Recommendation 1. A continuous monitoring of the physico-chemical, biological, and microbiological parameters of this river is needed for in -situ conservation of aquatic biodiversity. 2. A definite impact on the water mass for increase in the development of submerged saprophytes and aquatic weeds which promote eutrophication must be prevented by taking advance precaution in this record.

References

1. Akhand A, Srivastava S. Seasonal biological water quality assessment of river Kshipra using benthic macro invertebrates Ujjain (M.P). Social Issues and environmental problems. 2015;(4):342-350. ISSN-2350-0530.
2. Allan J, Flecker A. Biodiversity conservation in running waters. Bioscience. 1993;43(1):32-43. ISSN 0006-3568.*
3. APHA. Standard method for examination of water and waste water, American Public Health Association Inc. New York 22 nd Ed, 2005.
4. Govindan K, Kashinathan R, Desai BN. Macro benthic fauna in the polluted Thane creek & Bombay Harbour, Indian J. Fish Assoc. 1976;6:127-139.
5. Kazanci N, Dugel M. Ordination and classification of macro-invertebrates and environmental data of stream in Turkey. Water Science and Technology. 2000;47:7-8.
6. Katakwar M. Water quality and pollution status of Narmada river Anjan tributary in (M.P). Inter National journal of Current Research and Academic Review. 2014;2(11):93-98.
7. Khanna DR, Rawat S, Bhutiani R. Recent trend in physicochemical parameters of Song river at Nepali farm district Dehradun, Uttrakhand, Journal of Research and Bioscience. 2014;(2):33-44pp.
8. Khichi Yogesh. Physico-chemical Evalution of Water quality of Narmada river from omkareshwar to barwani, MP, India. Journal of Natural and applied science. 2017;(4):319-327. Issn:2349-4077.
9. Kumar et al. Phyco-chemical analysis of surface and ground water in selected sites of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Environmental Analysis and Toxicology, 2017. 10.4172/2161-0525.
10. Mary HPA, Jayasree S, Johnson JA, Edith BJ, Chittarasu IH. Seasonal variations In physico-chemical parameters of water in coconut husk retting area, Parakkani, Tamil Nadu. Inter National J. of env. Sciences 2010;1(6):1056-1061.
11. Meyer JL, et al. The contribution of headwater streams to biodiversity in river networks. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 2007;43:86-103.
12. Nduka JK, Orisakwe OE, Ezenweke LO. Some physicochemical parameters of potable water supply in Warri, Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essay. 2008;3(11):547-551.
13. Nnaji JC, Uzairu A, Harrison GFS, Balarabe ML. Effect of Pollution on the Physico-chemical Parameters of Water and Sediments of River Galma, Zaria, Nigeria. Libyan Agriculture Research Center. 2010;1(2):115-122.
14. Odum EP. Fundamentals of Ecology.3 rd Edn. Saunders, Philadelphia. 1971, 342pp.
15. Prasanna MP, Ranjan PC. Physico-chemical properties of water collected from Dhamra estuary. Inter National Journal of environmental Sciences 2010;1(3):334-342.
16. Richter B, Braun D, Mendelson M, Master L. Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna. Conservation Biology. 1997;11(5):1081-1093. ISSN08888892.
17. Bhutaiani R, et al. Quality assessment of Ganga river at haridwar with references to various physico-chemical parameters.Biotechnology Society. 2016;9(1):17-24.
18. Rao KS, et al. Community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates and their utility as indicators of pollution in river Khan (Indore), India. Proceeding of National Symposium Pure and Applied Limnology. 1985;32:114119.
19. Richardson JS, Danehy RJ. Asynthesis of ecology of head water stream and their reparian zones in temperate forests, 2007.
20. Sharma KK, Chowdhary S, Sharma A. Malaco fauna diversity of river Chenab fed stream (Gho-Manhasan), The Bioscan. 2010;6(2):267-269.
21. Sharma S, Rakesh V, Savita D, Praveen J. Evaluation of water quality of Narmada river with reference to physicochemical parameters at Hoshangabad city, MP, India. Research Journal of Chemical. Science. 2011;1(3):40-48.
22. Sharma S, Barkale S. The species richness and abundance of macro-invertebrates in Bilawali Talab Indore (M.P.), India. International journal of fisheries and aquatic studies. 2016;4(5):311-315. ISSN: 2347-5129.
23. Shraddha S, Savita D, Praveen J, Shah KW, Vishwakarma R. Statistical evaluation of hydrological parameters of Narmada river water at Hoshangabad city, India. Environ Monit Assess. 2008;143:195-202.
24. Sharma S, Joshi V, Kurde S, Sighavi M. Bio-diversity of benthic macro-invertebrates and fish species communities of krishnapura lake, Indore, M.P. Aquatic Biology. 2007;22(1):1-4.
25. Strayer D, Dudgeon D. Freshwater biodiversity conservation: recent progress and future challenges. Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 2010;29:344-358.
26. Sunny A, Vattakeril, Diwan AP. Community structure of benthic macro-invertebrates & their utility as indicators of pollution in river Kshipra, India. Journal. Pollution Research. 1991;10:1-11.
27. Thorne RS, William WP. The response of benthic macroinvertebrates to pollution in developing countries. A multimetric system of bioassessment. Fresh water Biology. 1997;37:671-686.
28. Trivedi P, Bajpai A, Thareja S. Evaluation of water quality: Physico-chemical characteristics of Ganga river at Kanpur by using, 2009.
29. Tiwari M, Dwivedi A. Suitability analysis of water in an urban tropical lake using seasonal water quality index. Biology and Medicine. 2016;(2):83-87.
30. Wantzen KM, Rothhaupt K-O, Mortl M, Cantonati M, Toth LG, Fischer P. (eds). Ecological effects of water-level fluctuations in lake. Hydrobiologia. 2008;613:1-184.
31. Wetzel RG. Limnology, W.B. Saunderts Co. Philadelphia, 1975, 743pp.