Medical importance, characteristics, environmental and economical value of bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates

Introduction History of Polyhydroxyalkanoates:

The first example of Polyhydroxyalkanoates to be discovered was Polyhyroxybutyrates (PHB) in the year 1926 by Maruice Lemolgne. Beijerinck was the first person to denote this structure in 1888 he used the microscope to observe the granules, Chemical composition of PHA was determined in 1926 by the Maurice Lemoigne, he determined the capability of soil bacterium, Bacillus megaterium to breakdown the polymer under anaerobic condition into 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB) monomers.

Fig 1:

Beijerinck was the first person to denote this structure in 1888 Application and properties Biodegradable polymers of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) naturally obtained by different microorganism aggregate as energy store under abundant carbon, and limiting nitrogen sources, however, bacterial isolates form dairy sewage, local mess food, oil wastes, oil dipped cloth, and few type cultured in suitable mediums were screened for polyhydroxyalkanoates production, approximately bacterial isolated from oil dipped cloth have maximum concentration of polyhydroxyalkanoates production, and it was later recognize as (Bacillus cereus) by 16S rDNA analysis method.

Characterization and bioproduction of medium chain length Polyhydroxyalkanoates

(mcl-PHAs synthesis by Pseudomonas putida Bet001 obtain from palm oil mill issuant was studded, however, bio production of medium chain length (mcl-PHAs) by 12 the Pseudomonas putida Bet001 follows a growth associated attitude, Accumulation of medium chain length (mcl-PHAs) ranging from 49.7 to 68.9% on cell dry weight (CDW) bases were observed when fatty acid ranging from octanoic acid (C8:0) to oleic acid (C18:1) were used as sole carbon and energy source. Estimation of molecular weight of polymer was found to be ranging from 55.7 to 77.7 k Da, depend on to usage of fatty acid, approximately two type of instrumentation 1H-NMR, GCMS, MS analysis the chiral atom chain polymer with monomer length of C4 to C14 with C8 and C10 as the principal monomers. Fig. 3 Showed the medium chain length of bio monomer ranging from C4 to C10, no unsaturated monomer was detected, according to thermo chemical analysis showed the PHAs accumulation to be semi crystalline polymer with high thermal stability, degradation temperature (Td) ranging from 264.6 to 318.8 (±0.12)0C, melting temperature (Tm) 43. (±0.2)0C, glass transition temperature (Tg) of -1.0 (±0.2) oC, melting enthalpy of fusion (ΔHf) 100.9 (±0.1) J g-1.

(Ahmad Mohammed Gumel et al, 2012) [3] . The specific growth rate of microorganism (μ). The maximum specific product formation rate (qp) and specific product yield [Y(P/X)] was observed at pH 7and 30 °C.

(Ahmad Gholami et al, 2016) [2] . (Ahmad Mohammed Gumel et al, 2012) [3] Studies showed that the application of biodegradability and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) at various industrial and biomedical utilizing due to their biodegradability, resorb ability, compatibility, and piezoelectricity, however study showed that several bacteria species accumulating PHA compound, these bacteria can be isolated from different industrial waste material, Pseudomonas genus of bacteria are famous to accumulate PHA in presence of carbon source and suitable medium, so these bacteria is fed to fatty acid it

International Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research https://www.chemistryjournals.net passes through the beta oxidation biosynthetic pathway, to synthesize PHAs, therewith losing two carbon atom per each cycle, different published word use unsaturated fatty acid such as oleic acid to produce mcl-PHAs with a side chain of unsaturated monomer of fatty acid.(Gumel et al., 2012) [3] .

According to the polyester bonding density and specific hydrophobic characteristics at surface of polyester crystal and adsorption of enzyme on the surface of crystal depend to the amount of ester bond rather than the hydrophobicity of the surface, Similarly, binding of PHA depolymerase to the polyester part of aliphatic, not only hydrophobic interaction but also specific interaction between binding domain and poly ester bond. Degradation of PHA DE polymerase by the enzymatic reaction of P (3HB) is dependent to PHA crystalline condition, specially contain PHA reaction state, concentration and properties of DE polymerase enzyme, however, when the concentration of de polymerase enzyme get increased enzymatic hydrolysis reaction also get increase, Yamashita et al study showed that every molecule of PHA on the film of P (3HB) adsorbed irreversibly on the crystal surface. Finally divided in solution through the attack of de polymerase enzyme, (Yamashita et al., 2003).

Conclusion

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and Polyhydroxybutyrates are intracellular granules of microorganisms, A technology needs great attention to develop an integrated system of isolation of high-valued bacterial synthesized, these significantly important biologically produced bioproducts demand severe confirmation of industrial process contributing as key element towards high-cost production, medical application of polymer with close to 100% purity is needed A study using PHB microspheres demonstrated that release of the anti-tumor drug rubomycin inhibited proliferative activity of Ehrlich's carcinoma in mice. the advent research on dual production of bio polymeric materials (extracellularly and intracellularly). And also, PHA drug delivery systems offer unique methods by which to control release. One can envision systems for delivery of growth factors or immunomodulators using PHA systems.

PHA have grate medical applications medical field. PHA and PHB to have this high-valued exopolymers and endopolymers duel synthesized using the same microorganisms under suitable conditions utilizing biological wastes may help us to combat the issues' relevance to cost production, environmental pollutions and their commercialization into the market.

Acknowledgement

AcknowledgmentsSpecially thank to my Guide that always encourage me Dr. Anupama Shrivastav also our collaborators at Paktia University in Afghanistan, for their helpful discussions. Also express my deep sense of gratitude to all the chemistry department lecturer in chemistry department Paktia University inspired me regarding making this article.

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