Research article · 2019 · Full text
International Journal of Agriculture and Food ScienceInvestigation of erosion resistance of gray-brown soils in the Southeastern slopes of the Greater Caucasus
Volume 1(2) · Pages 08–10 · DOI: 10.33545/2664844x.2019.v1.i2a.8 ↗
Research areasMarine and environmental studies
Abstract
Author-writtenIn recent years, sharp changes have occurred in the state of sloping lands of Azerbaijan. There was tension from the influence of the anthropogenic factors on the mountain slopes. The fact that the erosion process is reinforced in the research site. Due to lack of agrotechnical measures on the slopes erosion process has been strengthened, soil flooded with soil, physical and chemical properties of the soil have deteriorated, nutritional elements are reduced, vegetation is reduced and destruction limit. For some reason, the purpose of the research was Aqsu, two land cuts were set up to determine the degree of actual erosion in the Qizmeydan village. prevent erosion intensity, take preventive measures to take and implement appropriate measures.
Summary
Source-checkedPlain-language reading of the full paper, prepared with AI and checked against the text. Each point links to the authors' own words.
Why it matters
- The lack of agrotechnical measures on mountain slopes has intensified erosion, leading to the deterioration of soil physical and chemical properties and a reduction in nutrients and vegetation. View evidence ↗
- The fertility of soils in the region is heavily influenced by the weathering of mineral-rich rocks, which provide essential nourishment elements to the soil. View evidence ↗
- Chernozem soils are found in limited areas of the Greater Caucasus and are heavily utilized for agricultural crops. View evidence ↗
The question
- The research aimed to determine the actual degree of erosion in Qizmeydan village, Aqsu, to help implement appropriate preventive measures. View evidence ↗
What they did
- The study utilized two land cuts in Qizmeydan village to assess erosion levels. View evidence ↗
- Soil profiles were analyzed in sections, such as Section 1 in Jabani village, examining depths from 0-17 cm and 17-39 cm. View evidence ↗
- The researchers measured chemical properties including humus content, common nitrogen, and carbonate (CaCO3) levels. View evidence ↗
What they found
- Soils subject to medium erosion (flushed) showed a decrease in waterproof aggregates compared to non-flushed soils, indicating a disordered soil structure. View evidence ↗
- Eroded mountain-black soils exhibited a decrease in physical clay, resulting in a lighter mechanical composition. View evidence ↗
What it means
- The authors conclude that the erosion process significantly reduces the fertile potential of mountain chernozem soils. View evidence ↗
- The authors state that mountain chernozems inherently possess a high potential for fertility. View evidence ↗
Visual summary
1 visualsIllustrations explain the paper; charts are replotted from the paper's own table values.
Hygroscopic humidity: Unwashed vs Medium washed
Replotted from Table 2 (page 2) of the original paper. Every bar is the paper's own table value.
View source evidence ↗Figures & tables
From the original paper
Figure 1
Table 1
Table 2Introduction
Aqsu region, situating in south-east slope of Great Caucasian has 393, 3 thousand hectare area. The area of region is situated in 200-2500 m. height above seal level.As in all regions of Great Caucasian, this region is belonged to low mountainous zone, from geological and geomorphologic point of view. In soil formation process, rocks play a great role in formation of their fertility. When the rocks, rich with mineral elements are weathered in the region, absorbs into soil a great number of nourishment elements.
A lot of potassium and other elements are absorbed into the structure of soils, of which hydro mica arises from field’s par, mica and slates. In mountainous part of the region, soil former rocks mainly consist of slates, marls and sandy. As it is known, climate plays a very great role in soil formation process. V.V.
Dokuchayev [1], I.P.Gerasimov [2], I.F.Figurovski [3], A. Shikhlinski [4], and others have informed about a great role of climate in erosion formation process. Climate of Shamakhi region corresponds to the climate of Middle Europe. Here, the minimum temperature is observed between 3rd ten days of December and 2nd ten days of February.
And the maximum temperature is observed in February, July-August months. Average yearly quantity of rains is about 460-600 mm. Mountain and meadow, mountain and forest, mountain- chernozem, mountain and grey-dark brown soils have spread in region area. Because of our investigation covers mountain- chernozem, we dwell on their main character.
V.V.Akimitsev [9], M.A. Salayev [10], G.B. Salamov [11], B.G. Shakuri (8) and others have noted on spreading of chernozem in mountain zone of Azerbaijan.
Chernozems have spread in limited area in Great Caucasian and are strongly used under agriculture plants. They have mainly developed in middle mountainous area of Shamakhi and Ismayilli regions. The course of research and discussion of materials We have investigated mountain-chernozems in Shamakhi region. Morphological description of soils types, flushed in average degree and subjected to erosion is indicated below.
Fig 1 But in watersheds, basalt, marble and granites are met. In middle mountainous part the rocks mainly consist of clayey slates, clay with lime mixture and sandy. Section 1 Divided in the region of Jabani village, gentle east Bakharli slope. A 0-17 cm chernozem clayey, heap, hard, dry, plant roots, rootlets, worm ways, small stones, boils for the impact of chlorine acid, the passage is clear.
B 17-39 cm-chernozem, upper layer is relatively light, clayey, heap a little hard, root and rootlets, small stones, spots in brown vein form, worm ways, damp, boils for the impact of chlorine acid, passage is gradual 8 Table 1: Stutuctural aggregate composition of carbonated mountain-black soil Section 1 Erosion Degree Depth with sm For 100g soil Fractions with % 7 7-5 5-3 3-1 1-0,5 0,5-0,25 0,25 0-17 62,60 10,10 2,65 8,60 11,60 36,80 11,80 21,20 1,50 4,40 1,20 5,80 1,65 13,1 - - - 1 Unwashed 10,20 17-39 43,50 3,80 6,10 20,10 26,70 19,40 24,80 3,30 9,20 1,60 7,50 1,90 21,9 39-65 52,60 2,80 8,80 4,20 15,00 16,60 16,80 12,40 4,20 17,80 1,40 18,40 1,20 27,8 11,80 0-15 56,50 3,40 2,20 10,70 15,60 12,40 32,40 3,40 16,80 1,70 7,60 3,50 22,0 - - - 2 Medium unwashed 15-33 54,40 2,80 5,90 9,20 12,40 26,40 12,50 17,20 6,20 11,80 2,80 6,60 5,80 26,0 10,20 33-48 57,10 2,40 8,60 12,60 24,20 11,80 18,80 3,10 8,60 1,20 5,80 4,10 31,6 Table 2 Hygroscopic Section 1- Erosion degree Depth with sm humidity Fractions' measure with mm, quantity with % 1-0,25 0,25-0,05 0,05-0,01 0,01-0,005 0,005-0,001 < 0,001 < 0,001 1 Unwashed 0-17 5,74 4,63 6,17 29,20 15,20 15,20 15,20 60,00 17-39 6,41 0,32 10,88 24,40 19,60 19,60 18,40 64,40 39-65 6,71 2,40 9,20 19,20 18,40 18,40 18,40 69,28 2 Medium washed 0-15 5,28 0,30 9,82 32,40 14,84 14,84 22,40 57,48 15-33 5,65 0,40 12,76 24,08 12,96 12,96 25,60 62,76 33-48 6,24 4,58 6,62 22,40 16,80 16,80 14,40 66,40 B/C-39-65 cm: color is more-lighter, clayey, heap, solid, root, rootlets as weak vessel carbonate spots, stone, rocks boils from HCL effect. Morphological description shows that the soil, we have investigated, are the carbonated half type of mountain black soil. The area where these types of soil are situated has the compound physical condition. In the result of complexity of physical condition and mutual effect of anthropogenic factors erosion process has developed.
| Section 1- | Erosion degree | Depth with sm | Hygroscopic humidity | Fractions' measure with mm, quantity with % | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-0,25 | 0,25-0,05 | 0,05-0,01 | 0,01-0,005 | 0,005-0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | ||||
| 1 | Unwashed | 0-17 | 5,74 | 4,63 | 6,17 | 29,20 | 15,20 | 15,20 | 15,20 | 60,00 |
| 17-39 | 6,41 | 0,32 | 10,88 | 24,40 | 19,60 | 19,60 | 18,40 | 64,40 | ||
| 39-65 | 6,71 | 2,40 | 9,20 | 19,20 | 18,40 | 18,40 | 18,40 | 69,28 | ||
| 2 | Medium washed | 0-15 | 5,28 | 0,30 | 9,82 | 32,40 | 14,84 | 14,84 | 22,40 | 57,48 |
| 15-33 | 5,65 | 0,40 | 12,76 | 24,08 | 12,96 | 12,96 | 25,60 | 62,76 | ||
| 33-48 | 6,24 | 4,58 | 6,62 | 22,40 | 16,80 | 16,80 | 14,40 | 66,40 |
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| Section 1 | Erosion Degree | Depth with sm | For 100g soil | — | — | Fractions with % | — | — | — | — |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | 7-5 | 5-3 | 3-1 | 1-0,5 | 0,5-0,25 | 0,25 | ||||
| 1 | Unwashed | 0-17 | 62,60 | 2,65 8,60 | 11,60 | 11,80 21,20 | 1,50 4,40 | 1,20 5,80 | 1,65 13,1 | - - - |
| 10,10 | 36,80 | |||||||||
| 17-39 | 43,50 | 10,20 | 20,10 | 19,40 24,80 | 3,30 9,20 | 1,60 7,50 | 1,90 21,9 | |||
| 3,80 | 6,10 | 26,70 | ||||||||
| 39-65 | 52,60 | 8,80 4,20 | 15,00 | 16,80 12,40 | 4,20 17,80 | 1,40 18,40 | 1,20 27,8 | |||
| 2,80 | 16,60 | |||||||||
| 2 | Medium unwashed | 0-15 | 56,50 | 11,80 | 10,70 | 12,40 32,40 | 3,40 16,80 | 1,70 7,60 | 3,50 22,0 | - - - |
| 3,40 | 2,20 | 15,60 | ||||||||
| 15-33 | 54,40 | 5,90 9,20 | 12,40 | 12,50 17,20 | 6,20 11,80 | 2,80 6,60 | 5,80 26,0 | |||
| 2,80 | 26,40 | |||||||||
| 33-48 | 57,10 | 10,20 | 12,60 | 11,80 18,80 | 3,10 8,60 | 1,20 5,80 | 4,10 31,6 | |||
| 2,40 | 8,60 | 24,20 |
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Taking into consideration the damages, which erosion process inflicted to soil fertility, there was put sections in this type of soil. Morphological description of such sections is given below. Section 2 B1 0-15 cm: light black, heavy clayey, heap, little stones, root and rootlets boiled weakly, boils from HCL effect, passage is clear. B2 15-33 cm -: light black, clayey, heap, very solid, small and flat stones, sparse root and rootlets, limestone boils from HCL effect, passage is clear.
B/C 33-48 cm - light black, clayey, heap, very solid, flat white stones, weak carbonate vessels sparse root and rootlets boils from HCL effect. Cover in these regions is sparse. As indicated in morphological description of section "A" layer structure was disordered and other physical factors have subject to deformation. Some chemical factors of mountain - black soil were indicated in schedule No 1 and No 3.
As indicated in schedule No 1 amount of waterproof aggregates in middle flushed soil than in non-flushed soil was decreased, and this shows the disorder of such soil structure. Amount of physical clay in the type of flushed mountain-black soil has decreased and mechanical composition has become lighter. (Schedule No 1 and 2). Amount of humus in non-flushed type of mountain-black soil was 5.35-1.94%, common nitrogen is 0.26-0.10%. The soil is carbonated, carbonates (CaCO3) was 3.57-2.73%.
This soil is saturated with alkali. So, total of absorbed ground was 28.2-29.2 m. ekv (lOOgr soil) along profile. Calsium has priority in cations. Mounting chernozem soils are well provided by nutrients.
As evident from figures of schedule No.3 quantity of phosphorus (PiOs) solved in profile alkali was 33.3-27.2 mg (1kg. soil), exchanged potassium (K^O) was 442.0-335.0mg/kg. As can be seen from figures of the table mounting chernozem soils have a good potential of prolificacy. As erosive process changed morphological characters of the soils, it has influence on its prolificacy parameters.
Results
of my investigations also show it. It is possible to see it from the numerals of schedule No.2. As we see, the amount of humus was 3, 48-1,36 % general nitrogen in the profile of carbonate mountain chernozem subject to erosion in middle degree, and as a result it has decreased in compare of unwashed soils. In the profile of those soils was CaCO3 2, 18-1, 77 %, and sum of absorbed bases was 31, 5025,5 m. ekv. (in 100 gr. soil).
Here the amount of phosphor dissolved in alkali is between 27,3- 23,9 mg/kg and changeable potassium is between 305,0-246,0. We can come into the following conclusions from the investigation we held: 2
Conclusion
1. Mountain chernozems include to the soil groups situating in the vertical direction of south-east slope of Great Caucasus. 2. Mountain chernozems have high fertile potential. 3. Erosion process decreases more the fertile potential of mountain chernozems.
References
11 in the original paper- Dokuchaev VV. Prior account on investigations in theCaucasus in summer of 1899. Press. The Caucasus, IRTO Department, v. XII, pub.3, 1899.
- Gerasimov I.P. Scientific basis of systematization of soils. Tr. soilsof institute named after V.V. Dokuchaev. v. XXVIL, 1948.
- Figure vsky I.V. Climate of the Caucasus (prior account). Tiflis, 1919.
- Climate of Azerbaijan (1,2,8, II section). Press. AS of Azerbaijan SSR, Baku, 1968, 743.
- Shikhlinski A.M. Defense of soil from erosion. Baku, Azernashr, 1967, 25-36.
- Mustafaev Kh M, Alakbarov KA. Increasing of erosion in the south slope of the Great Caucasus and basis of struggle with them, Baku, 1975.
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