Effects of using garlic (Allium sativum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder on production performance and biochemical parameters of broiler chicken

Introduction

Over the past few decades, the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in poultry nutrition has been associated with fast growing nature of broiler chickens. Due to global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and increasing treatment failures, the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal production has been banned in some countries (Cogliani et al., 2011) [8] . For this reason, Phytogenic or natural feed additives derived from herbs, spices, other plants and their extracts used in poultry nutrition. In present study garlic and turmeric was used as a replacement of antibiotic. Garlic (Allium sativum) have been widely used as herbal supplement in broiler chicken diet because of its strong stimulating effect on the immune system and the very rich aromatic oils which enhance feed digestion (Gardzielewska et al., 2003) [14] . It contained abundant bioactive components like sulfur containing compounds (alliin, diallylsulfides and allicin, ajoene) which act as antimicrobial (Gebreyohannes and Gebreyohannes, 2013; Jabar and Al-Mossawi, 2007) [15,17] . Turmeric (Curcuma longa) can be a useful natural growth promoter and safe alternative to antibiotics (Khan et al., 2012) [21] . Active component name of turmeric is curcumin (Al-Mashhadani, 2015) [24] and it range from 2 to 5% of the turmeric (Bagchi, 2012) [5] .Curcumin also possesses anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective properties (Daneshyar et al., 2011 and Rajput et al., 2013) [9,28] . Considering the above factor, present study was designed to find the effect of garlic and turmeric powder on growth performance, carcass characteristics, biochemical properties of broiler chicken and also investigated the economic impact as a replacement of antibiotic.

Materials and Methods

Statement of the experiment

The research was conducted in the experimental trial shed at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Dhaka, with 300-day-old (Cobb 500) straight run commercial broiler chicks for a period of 28 days.

Collection of experimental birds and diets

300-day-old Cobb 500 straight run commercial broiler chicks were collected from a renowned hatchery. They were kept in electric brooders equally and randomly distributed into five groups with three replicates of 20 birds in each. Garlic cloves & fresh turmeric rhizome were cleaned and dried sufficiently. Then turmeric and garlic powder was prepared by fine grinding and passing through 1 mm sieve. These powder were incorporated into the experimental diets to assess the feasibility of using garlic powder (GP), turmeric powder (TP) & their combination.

Treatment plan

T 0 = Basal diets (Control) T 1 = Basal diets + Antibiotics (Doxivet ® -1g/2 litre of drinking water) T 2 = Basal diets + 0.5% Garlic Powder T 3 = Basal diets + 0.5% Turmeric powder T 4 = Basal diets + 0.25% Garlic Powder & 0.25% Turmeric powder

Management

Birds were raised in a well-ventilated broiler shed. Rice husk was used as litter at a depth of 6cm. clean tap water was offered ad libitum and feed were measured and offered twice a day. Feed ingredients and nutrient composition of the basal diet are presented in Table 1. Vaccination of birds were done routinely against infectious Bronchitis, Newcastle and Gambaro diseases.

Data collection

Weekly live weight and weekly feed consumption was recorded and final live weight and feed consumption was calculated. FCR was calculated from final live weight and total feed consumption per bird in each replication. Mortality was recorded every day to find out the final livability rate. At end of the experiment after 28 days three birds were sacrificed from each replication. After slaughtering gizzard, liver, heart weight were measured from each broiler chicken and calculated their percentage according to live weight of bird. Dressing yield was calculated to find out dressing percentage.

Serum biochemical parameters

At end of the experiment 28 days, 2 mL of blood was collected via the wing vein from 2 birds in each replication of the treatment group. For the collection of serum blood samples were centrifuged. After separation of serum these were transferred into sterilized 0.5 ml serum cups. For measuring biochemical parameters (glucose and total cholesterol) using commercial kits.

Economic analysis

To find out the economic feasibility of different dietary groups calculating total cost and total income. The total cost was calculated by considering individual cost included feed cost and cost of dietary supplementation and common cost included sum price of DOC, litter, vaccine, medicine and others. The selling price of per kg bird was considered to calculate the total return and net profit of bird. Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was calculated through dividing the total income by the total cost of production. All expenses and income were calculated on the basis of market value (BDT) at the time of experimental period.

Statistical analysis

One-way ANOVA procedure of SPSS (version-16) software was used to analyze the data collected on various parameters. Duncan's multiple range test was used to analyze Differences between means and statistical differences declared at P<0.05.

Results and Discussion

Total feed consumption

Data presented in Table 2 showed that the effect of treatments on total feed consumption (g/bird) were not significantly (P>0.05) differ among the dietary groups. The birds of T 2 , T 3 and T 4 groups consumed higher feed than T 1 group. However, highest feed intake found in 0.5% TP treated T 3 (2321.67g) group compared to other groups. Concomitant to the results Kyaw et al. (2017) [23] and Karangiya et al. (2016) [19] they reported that feed intake in control and 1% garlic powder group was similar and did not differ significantly. Ahmed et al. (2018) [11] , Mondal et al. (2015) [25] found that the average feed consumption of broiler chick non-significantly (P>0.05) improved due to turmeric supplementation in the diets.

Final live weight

Data presented in Table 2 showed that the effect of treatments on final live weight (g/bird) were not significantly (P>0.05) differ among the dietary groups. However, highest (P>0.05) live weight was attained in T 3 (1625.67g) group among the treatment groups, whereas lowest in T 0 (1550.27g) group. Concomitant to the present findings Kyaw et al. (2017) [23] (1%), Issa and Abo Omar (2012) [16] (0.2% and 0.4%) they observed that supplementation of garlic did not significantly (P>0.05) affect the body weight. Sharma et al. (2015) [31] and Al-Mashhadani (2015) [24] who reported that supplementation of turmeric powder in the basal diet of broiler chicken improved (P>0.05) final body weight of broiler chicken. Here, T0 = (Control), T1 = (Antibiotic), T2 = (0.5% Garlic Powder), T3 = (0.5% Turmeric powder) and T4 = (0.25% Garlic Powder & 0.25% Turmeric powder).

Feed conversion ratio

The effect of treatments on FCR of broiler chicken was not significant (P>0.05) presented in table 2. However, numerically improved FCR was found in 0.5%TP treated T 3 (1.43) group followed by other groups. These findings were well corroborated with the observation of Karim et al. (2017) [20] and Fadlalla et al. (2010) [12] they reported that garlic had no significant effect on the feed conversion ratio of birds. Present findings showed that at the end of 28 days of experiment best FCR found in 0.5% TP treated group than control and other groups. In harmony with the present results Fallah and Mirzaei (2016) [13] and Kafi et al. (2017) [18] who had reported that positive effects of turmeric powder supplementation on feed conversion efficiency in broiler chicken birds.

Livability

The livability rate showed on Table 2, different groups were not significantly (P>0.05) different and all the groups were showed livability 100% and the reason might be proper biosecurity management. These findings were well corroborated with the observation of Borgohain et al. (2019) [6] and Choudhury et al. (2018) [7] .

Carcass characteristics

Table 3 revealed that, the percentage of liver, heart and gizzard were not significantly (P>0.05) differ among the treatment groups. These findings were in line with Karim et al. (2017) [20] and Sangilimadan et al. (2019) [30] they noted that garlic had non-significant effect on (Liver, Gizzard, and Heart weight). In harmony with the present results Shohe et al. (2019) [3] and Mondal et al. (2015) [25] explained that the values for the organ (Liver, Gizzard, and Heart) weight (g) did not vary between control and turmeric treated groups.

Different treatment groups (Table 3) showed significant (P<0.05) effect on percentage of abdominal fat of broiler chicken. Abdominal fat (%) significantly (P<0.05) lower in 0.5% TP (1.24 %) treated group compared to control (1.62 %) group. These present findings were in agreement with Adjei et al. (2015) [1] and Rahimi et al. (2011) [27] they observed that relative weights of the abdominal fat were not affected by garlic treatments. Present findings indicated that turmeric supplementation of broiler diets has the potential to reduce this type of waste by reducing abdominal fat content. Similar result observed by Yesuf et al. (2017) [33] , Rajput et al. (2013) [28] and Wang et al. (2015) [32] . Table 3 also revealed that, significantly (P<0.05) higher dressing percentage found in T 3 (71.82 %) group compared to T 0 , T 1 and T 2 groups. But, T 0 , T 1 and T 2 had insignificant (P>0.05) different among them. Borgohain et al. (2019) [6] and El-katcha et al. (2016) [10] they reported that dressing percentage did not differ significantly due to inclusion of garlic powder. Mondal et al. (2015) [25] and Arslan et al.

(2017) [4] found that supplementation of TP significantly (P<0.05) improved dressing percentage. a,b,c , values with different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (P<0.05). Here, T0 = (Control), T1 = (Antibiotic), T2 = (0.5% Garlic Powder), T3 = (0.5% Turmeric powder) and T4 = (0.25% Garlic Powder & 0.25% Turmeric powder).

Serum biochemical parameters

The data on table 4 showed that, different dietary group had significant (P< 0.05) effect on serum glucose and cholesterol level (mg/dl) of broiler chicken. Significantly (P<0.05) lower concentration of serum glucose found in T 3 (201.12 mg/dl) group compared to T 0 and T 1 group. Significantly (P<0.05) lower concentration of cholesterol found in all treated groups compared to control (171.67 mg/dl) group. Concomitant to the results Kim (2010) [22] who reported that serum glucose levels has not any significant changes due to garlic supplementation. The present result were in line with Qasem et al. (2016) [26] and Ahmadi (2010) [2] they indicated that serum glucose levels were significantly lower in broiler chickens fed turmeric powder as a dietary supplement due to better utilization of glucose. Present findings were supported Ratika et al. (2018) [29] , Karim et al. (2017) [20] and Borgohain et al. (2019) [6] they noted that total cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the garlic supplemented group. The present study was well corroborated with the observation of Arslan et al. (2017) [4] and Choudhury et al. (2018) [7] they found that Serum total cholesterol was reduced due to turmeric supplementation compared to control group.

Economics of production

Table 5 showed that total cost of production per broiler in T 1 (antibiotic group) was significantly (P<0.05) highest as compared to other treated groups. Total income (BDT) and Net profit (BDT) per broiler was found to be numerically (P>0.05) highest in T 3 group (0.5% TP) followed by other groups. Net profit (Tk.) per broiler was found to be comparatively (P>0.05) lowest in T 1 (Antibiotic) group compared to other groups. BCR was comparatively (P>0.05) highest in T 3 (1.32) group and lowest in T 1 (1.27) groups. Among the treatment groups T 3 (0.5% TP) performed better than others. Present result showed that BCR was lowest in antibiotic group because of higher cost of production of using antibiotic. Concomitant to the results Shohe et al. (2019) [3] , Mondal et al. (2015) [25] and Kafi et al. (2017) [18] who found the return of birds was high in turmeric treated groups as compared to control group.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that 0.5% turmeric powder supplementation had very effective impact on production performance, serum biochemical parameters and economic utility of broiler chicken rearing as a replacement of antibiotic compared to 0.5% garlic powder and their combination (0.25%GP +0.25% TP).Therefore, the present study recommends that implementation of these formulations in the field aspect for commercial broiler production which is safe, sound, and environmentally suitable for our country.

Acknowledgement

We would like to acknowledge Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Research System (SAURES) for supporting us financially.

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